BIOLOGY 1030 THINGS TO STUDY FOR THE LECTURE MIDTERM

Transcription

1 BIOLOGY 1030 THINGS TO STUDY FOR THE LECTURE MIDTERM The following is a list of topics or concepts that you should know for the lecture portion of the midterm exam. These statements/questions are not meant to be answered in a few words, but rather they are meant to get you thinking about all of the aspects of the topic in question. You should know and be able to define and use all important terms in the attached list. This list may seem like a lot, but that is only because it IS a lot. Try to link common terms or themes; there is often considerable overlap between the groups. This is where the table should help or you can make your own. This guide is not intended to scare you. Many of the terms are easily defined and some concepts are simpler than others. If you can clearly and concisely discuss these points, you are sure to do well. Feel free to come by and see me for help if you need it! TOPIC 1 ANIMAL DIVERSITY (~16Q) 1. What is the basic definition of an animal? 2. Which animals (taxa) have the following: a. True tissues? b. Diploblastic versus triploblastic? c. Asymmetrical vs. radial vs. bilateral symmetry? d. Acoelomate vs. pseudocoelomate vs, eucoelomate? e. Protostome vs. deuterostome? i. Cleavage pattern? ii. Coelom formation? f. Metameric segmentation? 3. What is the basic body plan for each of the major taxa discussed in class? a. Are there any specialized cells/structures for each taxa? 4. Using the molluscan body plan as an example describe adaptive radiation. a. Try to apply the idea of adaptive radiation to modifications of a common body plan in other classes we ve discussed. 5. What are the basic characters for the Lophotrochozoa? The Edysozoa? 6. You should be able to fill out the majority of the table provided earlier. a. Answers will posted on my office door and online. 7. What brought about this new division? 8. How do we organize the phylogeny of animals? a. You should be able to compare and contrast both traditional and molecular views. 9. What is parsimony? How do we apply it to phylogeny? 10. What are the proposed evolutionary patterns regarding the above traits? a. Are they different for the traditional vs. molecular phylogenies?

2 TOPIC 2 REPRODUCTION & DEVELOPMENT 1. What are the stages of animal development? 2. Describe the process of gametogenesis. Where does this occur? a. What are the differences between spermatogenesis and oogenesis? 3. What events occur during fertilization? a. Where does fertilization occur? 4. How does yolk affect cleavage? 5. What are the stages seen in embryo development? a. What major events occur at each stage? 6. Compare and contrast oviparity, ovoviviparity and viviparity. a. What are the advantages and disadvantages of each? 7. What are the three types of gastrulation? a. Why is there a difference? 8. How do animals reproduce asexually? a. What are the varieties of parthenogenesis? 9. What is a hermaphrodite? What types of hermaphrodites are there? TOPIC 3 NUTRITION 1. What are the basic dietary requirements of all animals? a. What is an essential nutrient? 2. What are the methods animals use to obtain food (feeding strategies)? a. Can you provide examples of each? b. What is a potential complication with blood feeding? 3. What is the advantage of ingesting food in pieces rather than whole? a. How is dentition (teeth) changed to reflect an animal s diet? b. How is the intestinal tract modified to reflect an animal s diet? 4. How do animals process the food they eat? a. Ingestion digestion absorption elimination 5. What is the difference between a gastrovascular cavity and an alimentary canal? 6. What are some methods animals use to help breakdown cellulose? TOPIC 4 CIRCULATION & GAS EXCHANGE 1. How is respiration different from cellular respiration? 2. How do gases move from place to place? How efficient is this movement? a. What are the requirements for gases to move across a surface? 3. What types of respiratory surfaces do animal s use? a. When are these strategies employed? 4. What is meant by a countercurrent exchange mechanism? 5. Compare the strategies employed by insects and other air breathing animals. 6. Compare and contrast the three types of circulatory systems. a. What are the advantages of each? b. What are the circulatory fluids in each? Why the difference? 7. What types of blood vessels are used to move the circulatory fluid? a. How does their structure reflect their function? 8. Describe the evolution of the vertebrate circulatory system from fishes to mammals? 9. Discuss how the gradients of O 2 and CO 2 promote exchange at the tissues.

3 TOPIC 5 THE IMMUNE SYSTEM 1. What are the 2 major branches of the immune system? a. How do they differ in their function? b. What are the cell types involved in each (phagocytes & lymphocytes)? What are the major functions of these cells? 2. Describe the process of phagocytosis. a. How do phagocytes use this to protect the body? 3. How does complement kill invading pathogens? 4. What are the cardinal signs of inflammation? a. What are the underlying causes for these signs? 5. Describe the events of the inflammatory response. 6. How are antigens presented to T-cells? How doe T-cells recognize specific antigens? a. How do helper and cytotoxic T-cells respond once recognition has occurred? 7. What do B-cells do upon activation? Describe clonal expansion. 8. What are memory cells for? 9. What are the major functions of antibodies? TOPIC 6 THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM 1. What are the types of signals used for the coordination of bodily functions? 2. What are the types of chemical signals and how do thy compare? 3. What is the difference between an endocrine and exocrine gland? 4. How is the production/secretion of hormones regulated in the body? a. How can target cells regulate their response to a hormone? 5. You should be able to briefly discuss the functions of those hormones discussed in class. a. Only to the level at which they were discussed. 6. What is the underlying hormonal disturbance in the few diseases mentioned? TOPIC 7 THE NERVOUS SYSTEM 1. What are the divisions of the nervous system? What are the functional units? 2. What is the anatomy of a neuron? What is myelination? 3. Describe the resting membrane potential. 4. How do neurons generate action potentials? What is meant by threshold voltage? a. What channels/pumps are involved? b. What happens at the stages of the action potential? c. How do they propagate along the axon? i. What is salutatory conduction? 7. What happens at the chemical synapse? 5. How does the target cell membrane potential respond to EPSPs or IPSPs? 6. Discuss the organization of the nervous system in radially symmetrical organisms versus those that are bilaterally symmetrical. 7. What is cephalization? What advantages does it have?

4 TOPIC 8 ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR (~3Q) 1. What are behaviours? 2. What are the proximate and ultimate causes of a behaviour? Try to think of these with respect to behaviours you observe. 3. What is the basis of the nature versus nurture debate? 4. What are innate behaviours? Can you describe and provide examples of kinesis, taxis, FAP or imprinting? 5. You should be able to discuss and provide examples of the 4 types of learning exhibited by animals? a. Compare and contrast classical versus operant conditioning. 6. What type of learning are you exhibiting by answering these questions? (If you have to think about this question that IS your answer.) LABORATORY COMPONENT (10Q)

5 LIST OF IMPORTANT TERMS TOPIC 1 ANIMAL DIVERSITY Heterotrophy Invertebrates Vertebrates Body symmetry Cephalization True tissues Endoderm Mesoderm Ectoderm Diploblastic Triploblastic Body cavity = coelom Acoelomate Pseudocoelomate Eucoelomate Protostome Deuterostome Parazoa Porifera Pinacoderm Mesohyl Choanoderm Totipotent Pincaocytes Choanocytes Spongocytes Eumetazoa Cnidaria Medusa Polyp Mesoglea Gastrozooid Dactylozooid Gonozooid Autozooid Lophotrochozoa Trochophore larva Platyhelminthes Turbellaria Cestoda Trematoda Mollusca Polyplacophora Gastropoda Bivalvia Cephalopoda Adaptive radiation Muscular foot Visceral mass Mantle Radula Annelida Polychaeta Hirudinea Oligocaeta Metameric segmentation Homonomous Heteronomous Palps Setae Parapodia Ecdysozoa Ecdysis Nematoda Arthropoda Myriapoda Chelicerata Chelicera Insecta Crustacea Tagmatization Head Trunk Cephalothorax Abdomen Echinodermata Asteroidea Echinoidea Holothuroidea Oral vs. Aboral Water vascular system Chordata Cephalochordata Urochordata Vertebrata Parsimony Molecular Phylogenies TOPIC 2 REPRODUCTION & DEVELOPMENT Gametogenesis Oogenesis Oogonium Oocyte Ovum Isolecithal Mesolecithal Telolecithal Spermatogenesis Spermatogonium spermatid Spermatophore Intromittent Organ Fertilization Acrosome Polyspermy Fertilization envelop Oviparity Ovoviviparity Viviparity Cleavage Spiral cleavage Radial cleavage Gastrulation Invagination Involution Immigration Neurulation Organogenesis Asexual Reproduction Budding Gemmules Fission Fragmentation Parthenogenesis

6 TOPIC 3 NUTRITION Heterotrophy Essential nutrient Vitamins Minerals Electrolytes Osteophagia Filter feeding Substrate feeding Fluid feeding Bulk feeding Ingestion Digestion Mechanical digestion Chemical digestion Absorption Elimination Teeth Incisors Canines Premolars Molars Gastrovascular Cavities Alimentary Canals TOPIC 4 CIRCULATION & GAS EXCHANGE Respiration Respirtatory surface Cutaneous respiration Ventilation Countercurrent exchange Tracheal system Gastrovascular cavity Open circulatory system Sinuses Ostia Closed circulatory system Circulatory fluid Blood Hemolymph Interstitial fluid Lymph Arteries Arterioles Veins Venules Capillaries TOPIC 5 THE IMMUNE SYSTEM Innate Immunity Adaptive Immunity Antigen Pathogen Phagocyte Neutrophil Eosinophil Macrophage Dendritic cell Lymphocyte Natural Killer Cell T-Lymphocyte Helper T-Cells Cytotoxic T-Cells B-Lymphocyte Plasma Cell Memory Cell Phagocytosis Phagosome Lysosome Phagolysosome Complement Membrane Attack Complex Inflammation Vasodilation Edema Mast Cells Histamine Antibodies Opsonization Cytokines Major Histocompatibility Complex T-Cell Receptor Cell-Mediated Immunity Humoral Immunity B-Cell Receptor Clonal Selection Immune Memory Self vs. Foreign

7 TOPIC 6 THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Endocrine system Exocrine glands Endocrine glands Autocrine Paracrine Endocrine Phermones Tropic hormone Hormones Head activator Brain hormone Ecdysone Juvenile hormone Oxytocin Follicle-stimulating H Luteinizing hormone ACTH Thyroid-stimulating H Growth hormone Thyroid hormones Testosterone Estrogen Corticosteroids Insulin Glucagons Diabetes insipidus Diabetes insipidus Diabetes mellitus Acromegaly Pituitary Dwarfism TOPIC 7 THE NERVOUS SYSTEM Sensory division Motor division Autonomic NS Sympathetic NS Parasympathetic NS Neuroglia Schwann cells Myelin Neurons Soma Dendrites Axon Nongated ion channels Ligand-gated ion channels Voltage-gated ion channels Na + /K + ATPase Resting membrane potential Threshold Action potential Rapid depolarization Repolarization Hyperpolarization AP Propagation Salutatory conduction Chemical synapse Neurotransmitter Excitatory postsynaptic potential Inhibitory postsynaptic potential Nerve net Ganglion Cephalization TOPIC 8 ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR Proximate cause Ultimate cause Ethology/ethologist Kinesis Taxis Fixed action pattern Imprinting Habituation Spatial learning Associative learning Classical conditioning Operant conditioning Cognition Problem solving

8 TAXA AND COMMON NAMES YOU ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR * PHYLUM CLASS OR SUBPHYLUM COMMON NAMES Porifera N/A Sponges Cnidaria N/A Corals, anemones, jellyfish Lophotrochozoa Platyhelminthes Turbellaria Free-living flatworms Cestoda Parasitic tapeworms Trematoda Parasitic flukes Mollusca Polyplacophora Chitons Gastropoda Slugs and snails Bivalvia Clams, scallops, mussels Cephalopoda Squid & octopi Annelida Polychaeta Tube worms Hirudinea Leeches Oligocaeta Earthworms Ecdysozoa Nematoda N/A Round worms Arthropoda Myriapoda Centipedes & millipedes Chelicerata Spiders, scorpions, Hexapoda ** Flies, bees, beetles, Crustacea Shrimp, crabs, lobsters Echinodermata N/A Seastars, sea cucumbers, sea urchins, Chordata Cephalochordata Lancelets Urochordata Tunicates Vertebrata fish, amphibians, reptiles, * The level of details you will be expected to know will reflect those discussed in class. ** You do not need to know the orders of the insects.