Signal Transduction. Dr. Chaidir, Apt
|
|
- Gwenda Dean
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Signal Transduction Dr. Chaidir, Apt
2 Background Complex unicellular organisms existed on Earth for approximately 2.5 billion years before the first multicellular organisms appeared.this long period for multicellularity to evolve may be related to difficulties developing the elaborate communication machinery necessary for a multicellular organism. Cells in a multicellular organism need to be able to produce signals to communicate, and respond to signals from other cells in the organism. These signals must govern their own behavior for the benefit of the organism as a whole. Cell communication requires 4 parts: 1. Signal molecules: an extracellular signal molecule is produced by one cell and is capable of traveling to neighboring cells, or to cells that may be far away. 2. Receptor proteins: the cells in an organism must have cell surface receptor proteins that bind to the signal molecule and communicate its presence inward into the cell. 3. Intracellular signaling proteins: these distribute the signal to the appropriate parts of the cell. 4. Target proteins: these are altered when a signaling pathway is active and changes the behavior of the cell.
3 A Simple Signaling Pathway 1. The signal molecule binds to the receptor protein (which is generally located in the plasma membrane). 2. The receptor activates intracellular signaling proteins that initiate a signaling cascade (a series of intracellular signaling molecules that act sequentially). 3. This signaling cascade influences a target protein, altering this target protein and thus altering the behavior of the cell. Figure 15-1 Molecular Biology of the Cell ( Garland Science 2008) 4. This process is often called signal transduction.
4 Normal Response to mating factor Signal Transduction in Unicellular Organisms Although yeast (unicellular eukaryotes) live independently, they can influence the behavior of other yeast. Mating factor: Saccharomyces cerevisiae (budding yeast) secrete the mating factor peptide that signals yeast of opposite mating types to stop proliferating and prepare to mate. These two cells (haploid) can then fuse to form a diploid cell which can then undergo meiosis and sporulate, generating new haploid cells. Fig 15-2, 5 th Ed The molecules involved in the yeast mating response have relatives in signaling pathways in animal cells, which have become much more elaborate.
5 Fig Receptor α factor 1 Exchange of mating factors a Yeast cell, mating type a a factor α Yeast cell, mating type α 2 Mating a α 3 New a/α cell a/α
6 Receptors Types Cell surface receptors: most signal molecules cannot cross the plasma membrane, and therefore must bind to receptors in the cell surface. Intracellular receptors: Some small signal molecules can diffuse across the PM and bind to receptors located in the cytosol or nucleus. These signal molecules are generally hydrophobic and require carrier proteins to be transported in aqueous solutions (such as the bloodstream). Animal cells communicate by using hundreds of kinds of signal molecules, such as proteins, small peptides, amino acids, steroids, and even gasses and ions. These signal molecules (called ligands in relation to their receptor) are often present in very low concentrations (typically 10-8 M). The receptors must have a very high affinity for these ligands that are in such scarce amounts (Kα 10 8 ).
7 & 5 th Edition Types of cell communication 1. Contact-dependent: the signal molecule remains bound to the cell that produced it and, therefore, will only influence cells that directly contact it.this very local type of signaling is very important in the development of multicellular organisms and in the immune system. 2. Paracrine: a signaling cell produces a signal molecule that is secreted, but only diffuses a short distance. This signal molecule acts as a local mediator that affects cells only in the immediate environment of the signaling cell. Because paracrine signal molecules act locally, their diffusion is limited. Factors that limit their diffusion are: rapid uptake by neighboring target cells, destruction by extracellular enzymes, or by immobilization in the extracellular matrix.
8 & 5 th Edition 3. Synaptic: specialized cells called neurons make long processes (axons) that contact cells far away. When a neuron is stimulated, it sends an electrical impulse (action potential) along this axon to the target cell. This impulse, once it reaches the end of the axon, promotes the release of chemical signals called neurotransmitters. These diffuse a very short distance to the target cell and activate receptors on it. 4. Endocrine: an endocrine cell secretes a signal molecule called a hormone that enters the bloodstream and is distributed widely throughout the organism. Endocrine signals can effect any cell that expresses the receptor to the released hormone.
9 Autocrine signaling When a cell sends a signal to an identical cell type, including themselves. This is common during developmental processes. For example, a cell that has been directed to adopt a specific fate, may begin to secrete an autocrine signal that activates receptors on itself and reinforces this developmental fate. Autocrine signaling is most effective when it occurs from a group of identical cells simultaneously. The concentration of the autocrine signal accumulates, thereby activating receptors on these same cells. Autocrine signaling is used to encourage groups of cells to make the same developmental decisions. Community (cooperative) effects occurs during development; a group of cells can respond to a fate-inducing signal, but a single isolated cell cannot.
10 Fig Local signaling Long-distance signaling Target cell Electrical signal along nerve cell triggers release of neurotransmitter Endocrine cell Blood vessel Secreting cell Secretory vesicle Neurotransmitter diffuses across synapse Hormone travels in bloodstream to target cells Local regulator diffuses through extracellular fluid (a) Paracrine signaling Target cell is stimulated (b) Synaptic signaling Target cell (c) Hormonal signaling
11 Genomic reprogramming Extracellular Signaling Response Times Signal responses such as increased growth and cell division that involve changes in gene expression and synthesis of new proteins occur slowly (e.g., hrs) while those that involve changes in cell movement secretion or metabolism occur rapidly (secs to mins). Synaptic responses mediated by changes in membrane potential occur in milliseconds. Figure 15-6 Molecular Biology of the Cell Garland Science 2008
12 Signal Molecules Act in Combination 1. Cells in an organism are exposed to many, even hundreds, of different extracellular signals. 2. How cells respond to all of these signals in combination depends on the receptors they express and on the concentration and timing of these signals: Finger prints for cell signaling and their choreography 3. Extracellular signals often work in combination. This allows many responses from a limited number of signal molecules. 4. An absence of a signal can also trigger a response from a target cell. 5. Most cells in a complex organism are programmed to depend upon a specific combination of signals to survive. If the cell does not receive this combination of signals, it commits suicide, a process that is known as programmed cell death, or apoptosis.
13 Apoptosis (programmed cell death) integrates multiple cell-signaling pathways Apoptosis is programmed or controlled cell death. A cell is chopped and packaged into vesicles that are digested by scavenger cells Apoptosis prevents enzymes from leaking out of a dying cell and damaging neighboring cells Apoptosis can be triggered by: An extracellular death-signaling ligand DNA damage in the nucleus Protein misfolding in the endoplasmic reticulum Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
14 Fig µm
15 Apoptosis evolved early in animal evolution and is essential for the development and maintenance of all animals Apoptosis may be involved in some diseases (for example, Parkinson s and Alzheimer s); interference with apoptosis may contribute to some cancers Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
16 One signal molecule can have several effects The neurotransmitter acetylcholine, for example, has different effects on different types of cells. This is because: 1. Cell types respond to ligand binding of the same receptor differently. These different cells may have different types of intracellular signaling proteins, for example. 2. Different cells may express different types of receptors that bind the same ligand. There are different types of acetylcholine receptors, for example.
17 Protein Turnover Rates Affect the Cellular Response What happens when a signal is withdrawn? In some cases the response is long-lived, sometimes even permanent. Often, the response fades when a signal is removed. How rapidly the response declines depends on how rapidly the affected proteins are turned over. The intracellular concentration of molecules with rapid turnover rates change more quickly when their synthesis rate changes. The concentration of proteins with slow turnover rates change more slowly when their synthesis rate changes.
18 A B Alberts, Fig 15-16, 5th Ed The Three Largest Classes of Cell Surface Receptors 1. Ion-channel-linked receptors: These receptors are involved in rapid signaling events most generally found in neurons. The signal molecule (such as a neurotransmitter) causes these receptors to either open or close, thereby allowing, or stopping, the movement of ions through its channel. This rapidly changes the excitability of the target cell. Ionchannel-linked receptors constitute a large family of multipass transmembrane proteins. 2. G-protein-linked receptors: These are receptors that, upon ligand binding, activate a trimeric GTP-binding protein (G protein). The activated G protein then affects other intracellular signaling proteins, or target proteins directly. All G-protein-linked receptors are 7-pass transmembrane proteins that are a huge family of homologous molecules.
19 Fig. 11-7a Signaling-molecule binding site Segment that interacts with G proteins G protein-coupled receptor
20 3. Enzyme-linked receptors: these receptors are either enzymes themselves, or are directly associated with the enzymes that they activate. These are single-pass transmembrane receptors, with the enzymatic portion of the receptor being intracellular. The majority of enzyme-lined receptors are protein kinases, or associate with protein kinases.
21 (1 st messenger) Intracellular Signaling Networks Second messengers: Small molecules that are produced in large numbers as a consequence or receptor activation. These molecules diffuse readily away from their source. Cyclic nucleotides and diacylglycerol are examples. First messengers are the signal itself. Relay proteins: pass the signal on to the next intracellular signaling protein. 2 nd messenger Adaptor proteins: link one signaling protein to another, but do not convey the signal themselves. Critical for the formation of signaling complexes. Scaffold proteins: proteins that bind multiple signaling proteins together in a functional complex and often hold them in a specific location. Amplifier proteins: amplify the signal, often by generating second messengers (ion channels and enzymes). Anchoring proteins: locate signaling proteins in a precise location in the cell by tethering them to the membrane or cytoskeleton. Gene regulatory proteins: these are activated at the cell surface by receptors and translocate into the nucleus to regulate gene expression
22 Alberts, Fig 15-18, 5 th Ed Molecular switches: many intracellular proteins act as switches in which they are converted from an inactive to active state, and can be converted back. 1. Protein phosphorylation: Phosphorylation of the molecular switch (by a protein kinase) causes the conversion between active and inactive states. Often protein kinases themselves are molecular switches. Dephosphorylation (by protein phosphatases) converts the molecular switch back to its starting point. Most kinases are serine/threonine kinases, with a smaller class phosphorylating tyrosine residues (tyrosine kinases). 2. GTP-binding proteins: Switch from inactive to active upon binding of GTP. Once these are activated, they have intrinsic GTPase activity that will eventually hydrolyze their GTP to GDP, thus converting them back to an inactive form.
23 Fig th Ed. Signal Integration Cells often require multiple signal proteins coincidentally to trigger a response. Often, multiple signals require integrator proteins which require more than one input signal to generate an output signal that propagates a downstream signaling cascade. Examples: (A) A single protein requires phosphorylation on two different residues, by two independent signaling pathways, to be activated (proteins such as Y are often called coincidence detectors). (B) Two proteins, upon phosphorylation by two different signaling cascades, associate together to form an active intracellular signaling molecule.
24 SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION
25 MECHANISMS OF SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION Protein Phosphorylation Second Messengers Gene Transcription & Translation
26 THE PHOSPHORYLATION CASCADE
27 ERROR: stackunderflow OFFENDING COMMAND: ~ STACK:
Reception The target cell s detection of a signal coming from outside the cell May Occur by: Direct connect Through signal molecules
Why Do Cells Communicate? Regulation Cells need to control cellular processes In multicellular organism, cells signaling pathways coordinate the activities within individual cells that support the function
More informationRegulation and signaling. Overview. Control of gene expression. Cells need to regulate the amounts of different proteins they express, depending on
Regulation and signaling Overview Cells need to regulate the amounts of different proteins they express, depending on cell development (skin vs liver cell) cell stage environmental conditions (food, temperature,
More informationAdvanced Higher Biology. Unit 1- Cells and Proteins 2c) Membrane Proteins
Advanced Higher Biology Unit 1- Cells and Proteins 2c) Membrane Proteins Membrane Structure Phospholipid bilayer Transmembrane protein Integral protein Movement of Molecules Across Membranes Phospholipid
More informationStudy Guide 11 & 12 MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
Study Guide 11 & 12 MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1) The receptors for a group of signaling molecules known as growth factors are
More informationActivation of a receptor. Assembly of the complex
Activation of a receptor ligand inactive, monomeric active, dimeric When activated by growth factor binding, the growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase phosphorylates the neighboring receptor. Assembly
More informationNeurophysiology. Danil Hammoudi.MD
Neurophysiology Danil Hammoudi.MD ACTION POTENTIAL An action potential is a wave of electrical discharge that travels along the membrane of a cell. Action potentials are an essential feature of animal
More informationCell Biology Review. The key components of cells that concern us are as follows: 1. Nucleus
Cell Biology Review Development involves the collective behavior and activities of cells, working together in a coordinated manner to construct an organism. As such, the regulation of development is intimately
More informationDomain 6: Communication
Domain 6: Communication 6.1: Cell communication processes share common features that reflect a shared evolutionary history. (EK3.D.1) 1. Introduction to Communication Communication requires the generation,
More informationCHAPTER 3. Cell Structure and Genetic Control. Chapter 3 Outline
CHAPTER 3 Cell Structure and Genetic Control Chapter 3 Outline Plasma Membrane Cytoplasm and Its Organelles Cell Nucleus and Gene Expression Protein Synthesis and Secretion DNA Synthesis and Cell Division
More informationCELL SIGNALLING and MEMBRANE TRANSPORT. Mark Louie D. Lopez Department of Biology College of Science Polytechnic University of the Philippines
CELL SIGNALLING and MEMBRANE TRANSPORT Mark Louie D. Lopez Department of Biology College of Science Polytechnic University of the Philippines GENERIC SIGNALLING PATHWAY CELL RESPONSE TO SIGNALS CELL RESPONSE
More informationVisual pigments. Neuroscience, Biochemistry Dr. Mamoun Ahram Third year, 2019
Visual pigments Neuroscience, Biochemistry Dr. Mamoun Ahram Third year, 2019 References Webvision: The Organization of the Retina and Visual System (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/nbk11522/#a 127) The
More informationIntercellular communication
Intercellular communication Dewajani Purnomosari Department of Histology and Cell Biology Faculty of Medicine Universitas Gadjah Mada Outline General principle of intercellular communicabon Signal molecules
More informationIntroduction to Cellular Communication *
OpenStax-CNX module: m53235 1 Introduction to Cellular Communication * Steven Telleen This work is produced by OpenStax-CNX and licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 1 Why Cells Communicate
More informationBIOH111. o Cell Biology Module o Tissue Module o Integumentary system o Skeletal system o Muscle system o Nervous system o Endocrine system
BIOH111 o Cell Biology Module o Tissue Module o Integumentary system o Skeletal system o Muscle system o Nervous system o Endocrine system Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 1 Textbook
More informationCELL BIOLOGY - CLUTCH CH. 9 - TRANSPORT ACROSS MEMBRANES.
!! www.clutchprep.com K + K + K + K + CELL BIOLOGY - CLUTCH CONCEPT: PRINCIPLES OF TRANSMEMBRANE TRANSPORT Membranes and Gradients Cells must be able to communicate across their membrane barriers to materials
More informationNervous Systems: Neuron Structure and Function
Nervous Systems: Neuron Structure and Function Integration An animal needs to function like a coherent organism, not like a loose collection of cells. Integration = refers to processes such as summation
More informationPatrick: An Introduction to Medicinal Chemistry 5e Chapter 04
01) Which of the following statements is not true about receptors? a. Most receptors are proteins situated inside the cell. b. Receptors contain a hollow or cleft on their surface which is known as a binding
More information16 The Cell Cycle. Chapter Outline The Eukaryotic Cell Cycle Regulators of Cell Cycle Progression The Events of M Phase Meiosis and Fertilization
The Cell Cycle 16 The Cell Cycle Chapter Outline The Eukaryotic Cell Cycle Regulators of Cell Cycle Progression The Events of M Phase Meiosis and Fertilization Introduction Self-reproduction is perhaps
More informationReceptors and Ion Channels
Receptors and Ion Channels Laurie Kellaway Senior Lecturer Department of Human Biology Laurie@curie.uct.ac.za Tel. +27 +21 4066 271 What are the two types of Neurotransmitter receptors Ionotropic receptors
More informationExplain how cell size and shape affect the overall rate of nutrient intake and the rate of waste elimination. [LO 2.7, SP 6.2]
Cells Learning Objectives Use calculated surface area-to-volume ratios to predict which cell(s) might eliminate wastes or procure nutrients faster by diffusion. [LO 2.6, SP 2.2] Explain how cell size and
More informationCell-Cell Communication in Development
Biology 4361 - Developmental Biology Cell-Cell Communication in Development October 2, 2007 Cell-Cell Communication - Topics Induction and competence Paracrine factors inducer molecules Signal transduction
More informationNervous Tissue. Neurons Neural communication Nervous Systems
Nervous Tissue Neurons Neural communication Nervous Systems What is the function of nervous tissue? Maintain homeostasis & respond to stimuli Sense & transmit information rapidly, to specific cells and
More informationRegulation of Gene Expression
Chapter 18 Regulation of Gene Expression Edited by Shawn Lester PowerPoint Lecture Presentations for Biology Eighth Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece Lectures by Chris Romero, updated by Erin Barley
More informationMultiple Choice Review- Eukaryotic Gene Expression
Multiple Choice Review- Eukaryotic Gene Expression 1. Which of the following is the Central Dogma of cell biology? a. DNA Nucleic Acid Protein Amino Acid b. Prokaryote Bacteria - Eukaryote c. Atom Molecule
More informationNervous Tissue. Neurons Electrochemical Gradient Propagation & Transduction Neurotransmitters Temporal & Spatial Summation
Nervous Tissue Neurons Electrochemical Gradient Propagation & Transduction Neurotransmitters Temporal & Spatial Summation What is the function of nervous tissue? Maintain homeostasis & respond to stimuli
More informationRegulation of Gene Expression
Chapter 18 Regulation of Gene Expression PowerPoint Lecture Presentations for Biology Eighth Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece Lectures by Chris Romero, updated by Erin Barley with contributions from
More informationReprogramming what is it? ips. neurones cardiomyocytes. Takahashi K & Yamanaka S. Cell 126, 2006,
General Mechanisms of Cell Signaling Signaling to Cell Nucleus MUDr. Jan láteník, hd. Somatic cells can be reprogrammed to pluripotent stem cells! fibroblast Reprogramming what is it? is neurones cardiomyocytes
More informationIntercellular Communication. Department of Physiology School of Medicine University of Sumatera Utara
Intercellular Communication Department of Physiology School of Medicine University of Sumatera Utara Intercellular Communication and Signal Transduction The ability of cells to communicate with each other
More informationProtein Phosphorylation and Dephosphorylation
Keep in mind that the original signaling molecule is not physically passed along a signaling pathway; in most cases, it never even enters the cell. When we say that the signal is relayed along a pathway,
More informationNervous System Organization
The Nervous System Nervous System Organization Receptors respond to stimuli Sensory receptors detect the stimulus Motor effectors respond to stimulus Nervous system divisions Central nervous system Command
More informationBig Idea 3: Living systems store, retrieve, transmit and respond to information essential to life processes. Tuesday, December 27, 16
Big Idea 3: Living systems store, retrieve, transmit and respond to information essential to life processes. Enduring understanding 3.B: Expression of genetic information involves cellular and molecular
More informationProtein Sorting, Intracellular Trafficking, and Vesicular Transport
Protein Sorting, Intracellular Trafficking, and Vesicular Transport Noemi Polgar, Ph.D. Department of Anatomy, Biochemistry and Physiology Email: polgar@hawaii.edu Phone: 692-1422 Outline Part 1- Trafficking
More informationDendrites - receives information from other neuron cells - input receivers.
The Nerve Tissue Neuron - the nerve cell Dendrites - receives information from other neuron cells - input receivers. Cell body - includes usual parts of the organelles of a cell (nucleus, mitochondria)
More informationPBBTC01 - CELL AND DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY UNIT I: CELLULAR ORGANIZATION
PBBTC01 - CELL AND DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY UNIT I: CELLULAR ORGANIZATION PART-A 1. What is prokaryotic cell 2. Explain Eukaryotic cell 3. Major difference of prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells 4. Role of lipid
More informationNeurons and Nervous Systems
34 Neurons and Nervous Systems Concept 34.1 Nervous Systems Consist of Neurons and Glia Nervous systems have two categories of cells: Neurons, or nerve cells, are excitable they generate and transmit electrical
More informationPhysiology Unit 2. MEMBRANE POTENTIALS and SYNAPSES
Physiology Unit 2 MEMBRANE POTENTIALS and SYNAPSES Neuron Communication Neurons are stimulated by receptors on dendrites and cell bodies (soma) Ligand gated ion channels GPCR s Neurons stimulate cells
More informationMEMBRANE POTENTIALS AND ACTION POTENTIALS:
University of Jordan Faculty of Medicine Department of Physiology & Biochemistry Medical students, 2017/2018 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ Review: Membrane physiology
More informationCell Cell Communication in Development
Biology 4361 Developmental Biology Cell Cell Communication in Development June 25, 2008 Cell Cell Communication Concepts Cells in developing organisms develop in the context of their environment, including
More informationNeurons, Synapses, and Signaling
Chapter 48 Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling PowerPoint Lecture Presentations for Biology Eighth Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece Lectures by Chris Romero, updated by Erin Barley with contributions
More informationCellular Neuroanatomy I The Prototypical Neuron: Soma. Reading: BCP Chapter 2
Cellular Neuroanatomy I The Prototypical Neuron: Soma Reading: BCP Chapter 2 Functional Unit of the Nervous System The functional unit of the nervous system is the neuron. Neurons are cells specialized
More informationA. Incorrect! The Cell Cycle contains 4 distinct phases: (1) G 1, (2) S Phase, (3) G 2 and (4) M Phase.
Molecular Cell Biology - Problem Drill 21: Cell Cycle and Cell Death Question No. 1 of 10 1. Which of the following statements about the cell cycle is correct? Question #1 (A) The Cell Cycle contains 3
More informationNerve Signal Conduction. Resting Potential Action Potential Conduction of Action Potentials
Nerve Signal Conduction Resting Potential Action Potential Conduction of Action Potentials Resting Potential Resting neurons are always prepared to send a nerve signal. Neuron possesses potential energy
More informationChem Lecture 10 Signal Transduction
Chem 452 - Lecture 10 Signal Transduction 111202 Here we look at the movement of a signal from the outside of a cell to its inside, where it elicits changes within the cell. These changes are usually mediated
More informationNeuron Structure. Why? Model 1 Parts of a Neuron. What are the essential structures that make up a neuron?
Why? Neuron Structure What are the essential structures that make up a neuron? Cells are specialized for different functions in multicellular organisms. In animals, one unique kind of cell helps organisms
More informationThe Cell. C h a p t e r. PowerPoint Lecture Slides prepared by Jason LaPres North Harris College Houston, Texas
C h a p t e r 2 The Cell PowerPoint Lecture Slides prepared by Jason LaPres North Harris College Houston, Texas Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Introduction
More informationUnit 2: Cells Guided Reading Questions (60 pts total)
Name: AP Biology Biology, Campbell and Reece, 7th Edition Adapted from chapter reading guides originally created by Lynn Miriello Chapter 6 A Tour of the Cell Unit 2: Cells Guided Reading Questions (60
More informationCells. Steven McLoon Department of Neuroscience University of Minnesota
Cells Steven McLoon Department of Neuroscience University of Minnesota 1 Microscopy Methods of histology: Treat the tissue with a preservative (e.g. formaldehyde). Dissect the region of interest. Embed
More informationLife of the Cell. Learning Objectives
Life of the Cell Society on a micro-scale 1 Learning Objectives 1. What are the characteristics that distinguish prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells? Which type of cell is believed to be older (more primitive)?
More informationChapter 48 Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling
Chapter 48 Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling Concept 48.1 Neuron organization and structure reflect function in information transfer Neurons are nerve cells that transfer information within the body Neurons
More informationProgrammed Cell Death
Programmed Cell Death Dewajani Purnomosari Department of Histology and Cell Biology Faculty of Medicine Universitas Gadjah Mada d.purnomosari@ugm.ac.id What is apoptosis? a normal component of the development
More informationS1 Gene ontology (GO) analysis of the network alignment results
1 Supplementary Material for Effective comparative analysis of protein-protein interaction networks by measuring the steady-state network flow using a Markov model Hyundoo Jeong 1, Xiaoning Qian 1 and
More informationOrganization of the nervous system. Tortora & Grabowski Principles of Anatomy & Physiology; Page 388, Figure 12.2
Nervous system Organization of the nervous system Tortora & Grabowski Principles of Anatomy & Physiology; Page 388, Figure 12.2 Autonomic and somatic efferent pathways Reflex arc - a neural pathway that
More informationLecture 2: Read about the yeast MAT locus in Molecular Biology of the Gene. Watson et al. Chapter 10. Plus section on yeast as a model system Read
Lecture 2: Read about the yeast MAT locus in Molecular Biology of the Gene. Watson et al. Chapter 10. Plus section on yeast as a model system Read chapter 22 and chapter 10 [section on MATing type gene
More informationCELB40060 Membrane Trafficking in Animal Cells. Prof. Jeremy C. Simpson. Lecture 2 COPII and export from the ER
CELB40060 Membrane Trafficking in Animal Cells Prof. Jeremy C. Simpson Lecture 2 COPII and export from the ER Today s lecture... The COPII coat - localisation and subunits Formation of the COPII coat at
More informationNervous System AP Biology
Nervous System 2007-2008 Why do animals need a nervous system? What characteristics do animals need in a nervous system? fast accurate reset quickly Remember Poor think bunny! about the bunny signal direction
More informationPrinciples of Cellular Biology
Principles of Cellular Biology آشنایی با مبانی اولیه سلول Biologists are interested in objects ranging in size from small molecules to the tallest trees: Cell Basic building blocks of life Understanding
More informationCell (Learning Objectives)
Cell (Learning Objectives) 1. Understand & describe the basic components necessary for a functional cell. 2. Review the order of appearance of cells on earth and explain the endosymbiotic theory. 3. Compare
More informationCell-Cell Communication in Development
Biology 4361 - Developmental Biology Cell-Cell Communication in Development June 23, 2009 Concepts Cell-Cell Communication Cells develop in the context of their environment, including: - their immediate
More informationSignal Transduction Phosphorylation Protein kinases. Misfolding diseases. Protein Engineering Lysozyme variants
Signal Transduction Phosphorylation Protein kinases Misfolding diseases Protein Engineering Lysozyme variants Cells and Signals Regulation The cell must be able to respond to stimuli Cellular activities
More informationComponents of a functional cell. Boundary-membrane Cytoplasm: Cytosol (soluble components) & particulates DNA-information Ribosomes-protein synthesis
Cell (Outline) - Components of a functional cell - Major Events in the History of Earth: abiotic and biotic phases; anaerobic and aerobic atmosphere - Prokaryotic cells impact on the biosphere - Origin
More informationThree different fusions led to three basic ideas: 1) If one fuses a cell in mitosis with a cell in any other stage of the cell cycle, the chromosomes
Section Notes The cell division cycle presents an interesting system to study because growth and division must be carefully coordinated. For many cells it is important that it reaches the correct size
More informationI. Specialization. II. Autonomous signals
Multicellularity Up to this point in the class we have been discussing individual cells, or, at most, populations of individual cells. But some interesting life forms (for example, humans) consist not
More informationR7.3 Receptor Kinetics
Chapter 7 9/30/04 R7.3 Receptor Kinetics Professional Reference Shelf Just as enzymes are fundamental to life, so is the living cell s ability to receive and process signals from beyond the cell membrane.
More informationMembranes 2: Transportation
Membranes 2: Transportation Steven E. Massey, Ph.D. Associate Professor Bioinformatics Department of Biology University of Puerto Rico Río Piedras Office & Lab: NCN#343B Tel: 787-764-0000 ext. 7798 E-mail:
More informationUniversality of sensory-response systems
excite.org(anism): Electrical Signaling Universality of sensory-response systems Three step process: sensation-integration-response Bacterial chemotaxis Madigan et al. Fig. 8.24 Rick Stewart (CBMG) Human
More informationMembrane Protein Channels
Membrane Protein Channels Potassium ions queuing up in the potassium channel Pumps: 1000 s -1 Channels: 1000000 s -1 Pumps & Channels The lipid bilayer of biological membranes is intrinsically impermeable
More information7.06 Cell Biology EXAM #3 April 21, 2005
7.06 Cell Biology EXAM #3 April 21, 2005 This is an open book exam, and you are allowed access to books, a calculator, and notes but not computers or any other types of electronic devices. Please write
More informationGO ID GO term Number of members GO: translation 225 GO: nucleosome 50 GO: calcium ion binding 76 GO: structural
GO ID GO term Number of members GO:0006412 translation 225 GO:0000786 nucleosome 50 GO:0005509 calcium ion binding 76 GO:0003735 structural constituent of ribosome 170 GO:0019861 flagellum 23 GO:0005840
More informationUnit 2: Cellular Chemistry, Structure, and Physiology Module 5: Cellular Reproduction
Unit 2: Cellular Chemistry, Structure, and Physiology Module 5: Cellular Reproduction NC Essential Standard: 1.2.2 Analyze how cells grow and reproduce in terms of interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis
More informationMolecular Cell Biology 5068 In Class Exam 2 November 8, 2016
Molecular Cell Biology 5068 In Class Exam 2 November 8, 2016 Exam Number: Please print your name: Instructions: Please write only on these pages, in the spaces allotted and not on the back. Write your
More informationVisual pigments. Neuroscience, Biochemistry Dr. Mamoun Ahram Third year, 2015
Visual pigments Neuroscience, Biochemistry Dr. Mamoun Ahram Third year, 2015 References Photoreceptors and visual pigments Webvision: The Organization of the Retina and Visual System (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/nbk11522/#a127)
More informationNeurons, Synapses, and Signaling
Chapter 48 Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling PowerPoint Lecture Presentations for Biology Eighth Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece Lectures by Chris Romero, updated by Erin Barley with contributions
More informationZool 3200: Cell Biology Exam 5 4/27/15
Name: Trask Zool 3200: Cell Biology Exam 5 4/27/15 Answer each of the following short answer questions in the space provided, giving explanations when asked to do so. Circle the correct answer or answers
More informationGuided Reading Activities
Name Period Chapter 4: A Tour of the Cell Guided Reading Activities Big Idea: Introduction to the Cell Answer the following questions as you read Modules 4.1 4.4: 1. A(n) uses a beam of light to illuminate
More information6 Mechanotransduction
6.1 Motivation The process of converting physical forces into biochemical signals and integrating these signals into the cellular response is referred to as mechnotransduction [11, 20]. To fully understand
More informationNEURONS, SENSE ORGANS, AND NERVOUS SYSTEMS CHAPTER 34
NEURONS, SENSE ORGANS, AND NERVOUS SYSTEMS CHAPTER 34 KEY CONCEPTS 34.1 Nervous Systems Are Composed of Neurons and Glial Cells 34.2 Neurons Generate Electric Signals by Controlling Ion Distributions 34.3
More informationBiology: Life on Earth
Teresa Audesirk Gerald Audesirk Bruce E. Byers Biology: Life on Earth Eighth Edition Lecture for Chapter 4 Cell Structure and Function Copyright 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Chapter 4 Outline 4.1 What
More informationThe Neuron - F. Fig. 45.3
excite.org(anism): Electrical Signaling The Neuron - F. Fig. 45.3 Today s lecture we ll use clickers Review today 11:30-1:00 in 2242 HJ Patterson Electrical signals Dendrites: graded post-synaptic potentials
More informationSystems Biology Across Scales: A Personal View XIV. Intra-cellular systems IV: Signal-transduction and networks. Sitabhra Sinha IMSc Chennai
Systems Biology Across Scales: A Personal View XIV. Intra-cellular systems IV: Signal-transduction and networks Sitabhra Sinha IMSc Chennai Intra-cellular biochemical networks Metabolic networks Nodes:
More informationThe EGF Signaling Pathway! Introduction! Introduction! Chem Lecture 10 Signal Transduction & Sensory Systems Part 3. EGF promotes cell growth
Chem 452 - Lecture 10 Signal Transduction & Sensory Systems Part 3 Question of the Day: Who is the son of Sevenless? Introduction! Signal transduction involves the changing of a cell s metabolism or gene
More informationactive site Region of an enzyme surface to which a substrate molecule binds in order to undergo a catalyzed reaction.
Glossary acetyl Chemical group derived from acetic acid. Acetyl groups are important in metabolism and are added covalently to some proteins as a posttranslational modification. actin Abundant protein
More informationSupplemental table S7.
Supplemental table S7. GO terms significantly enriched in significantly up-regulated genes of the microarray. K: number of genes from the input cluster in the given category. F: number of total genes in
More information02/02/ Living things are organized. Analyze the functional inter-relationship of cell structures. Learning Outcome B1
Analyze the functional inter-relationship of cell structures Learning Outcome B1 Describe the following cell structures and their functions: Cell membrane Cell wall Chloroplast Cytoskeleton Cytoplasm Golgi
More informationCh 8: Neurons: Cellular and Network Properties, Part 1
Developed by John Gallagher, MS, DVM Ch 8: Neurons: Cellular and Network Properties, Part 1 Objectives: Describe the Cells of the NS Explain the creation and propagation of an electrical signal in a nerve
More informationCo-ordination occurs in multiple layers Intracellular regulation: self-regulation Intercellular regulation: coordinated cell signalling e.g.
Gene Expression- Overview Differentiating cells Achieved through changes in gene expression All cells contain the same whole genome A typical differentiated cell only expresses ~50% of its total gene Overview
More informationWhat Kind Of Molecules Carry Protein Assembly Instructions From The Nucleus To The Cytoplasm
What Kind Of Molecules Carry Protein Assembly Instructions From The Nucleus To The Cytoplasm What kind of reaction produces large molecules by linking small molecules? molecules carry protein assembly
More informationGene Control Mechanisms at Transcription and Translation Levels
Gene Control Mechanisms at Transcription and Translation Levels Dr. M. Vijayalakshmi School of Chemical and Biotechnology SASTRA University Joint Initiative of IITs and IISc Funded by MHRD Page 1 of 9
More informationIntroduction Principles of Signaling and Organization p. 3 Signaling in Simple Neuronal Circuits p. 4 Organization of the Retina p.
Introduction Principles of Signaling and Organization p. 3 Signaling in Simple Neuronal Circuits p. 4 Organization of the Retina p. 5 Signaling in Nerve Cells p. 9 Cellular and Molecular Biology of Neurons
More informationCells to Tissues. Peter Takizawa Department of Cell Biology
Cells to Tissues Peter Takizawa Department of Cell Biology From one cell to ensembles of cells. Multicellular organisms require individual cells to work together in functional groups. This means cells
More informationOld FINAL EXAM BIO409/509 NAME. Please number your answers and write them on the attached, lined paper.
Old FINAL EXAM BIO409/509 NAME Please number your answers and write them on the attached, lined paper. Gene expression can be regulated at several steps. Describe one example for each of the following:
More informationC. Introduction to Multicellularity
C. Introduction to Multicellularity 1. Regulation of Organism Size by Cell Mass 2. Regulation of Extracellular Structure 3. Regulation of Cell Adhesion 4. Regulation of the Internal Aqueous Environment
More informationBio 127 Section I Introduction to Developmental Biology. Cell Cell Communication in Development. Developmental Activities Coordinated in this Way
Bio 127 Section I Introduction to Developmental Biology Cell Cell Communication in Development Gilbert 9e Chapter 3 It has to be EXTREMELY well coordinated for the single celled fertilized ovum to develop
More information8/25/ Opening Questions: Are all living things made of cells? What are at least five things you know about cells?
Chapter 3 The Cell: Module Hyperlinks 3.1 Cells are the fundamental units of life 3.2 Plant vs. animal cells 3.3 Membranes: structure 3.4 Membranes: function 3.5 The nucleus 3.6 Organelles in protein production
More informationthe axons of the nerve meet with the muscle cell.
Steps to Contraction 1. A nerve impulse travels to the neuromuscular junction on a muscle cell. The neuromuscular junction is the point where the axons of the nerve meet with the muscle cell. 2. Ach is
More informationCELL PRACTICE TEST
Name: Date: 1. As a human red blood cell matures, it loses its nucleus. As a result of this loss, a mature red blood cell lacks the ability to (1) take in material from the blood (2) release hormones to
More informationLife Sciences 1a: Section 3B. The cell division cycle Objectives Understand the challenges to producing genetically identical daughter cells
Life Sciences 1a: Section 3B. The cell division cycle Objectives Understand the challenges to producing genetically identical daughter cells Understand how a simple biochemical oscillator can drive the
More informationPhysiology Unit 2. MEMBRANE POTENTIALS and SYNAPSES
Physiology Unit 2 MEMBRANE POTENTIALS and SYNAPSES In Physiology Today Ohm s Law I = V/R Ohm s law: the current through a conductor between two points is directly proportional to the voltage across the
More informationEssentials of Cell Signaling
Essentials of Cell Signaling MUDr. Jan láten teník, hd. Bioengineered tooth in mice Ikeda e. et al.: Fully functional bioengineered tooth replacement as an organ replacement therapy, NAS 106, 2009, 13475-13480.
More informationHonors Biology Reading Guide Chapter 11
Honors Biology Reading Guide Chapter 11 v Promoter a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA located near the start of a gene that is the binding site for RNA polymerase and the place where transcription begins
More information2011 The Simple Homeschool Simple Days Unit Studies Cells
1 We have a full line of high school biology units and courses at CurrClick and as online courses! Subscribe to our interactive unit study classroom and make science fun and exciting! 2 A cell is a small
More information