4-3: Species Interactions

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1 4-3: Species Interactions After this lecture you should be able to Differentiate between the various types of symbiotic relationships Examine the dynamics of predator-prey relationships. Predict population changes based on different relationships and environmental pressures. Explain the impacts that invasive species can have on existing relationships within an ecosystem.

2 Duna duna dunadunaduna! Why is that Remora hanging out with that shark?

3 Community Relationships Ecology is the study of the rela5onships between the living and non- living components of an ecosystem. Everything within an ecosystem consumes and provides a certain degree of services within their ecosystem. Many of the services are in the form of a variety of interac5ons that result in exchanges in ma@er/energy, protec5on, or even making life a li@le easier. Major types of community interac5ons include: Predator- Prey Compe55on Symbiosis

4 Predator- Prey Relationships In a Preda,on rela5onship, one organism consumes another organism for food/energy. The species that is hunted or eaten is called the prey The species that does the hun5ng/ ea5ng is called the predator. Prey are a resource and can therefore limit the popula5on size of the predator, just as the number of predators have an impact on the popula5on size of the prey. Remember the Lynx & Hare Lab.

5 Predator- Prey Adaptation Prey Adapta5ons Predator Adapta5ons Prey with adapta5ons that make them more likely to survive pass on these genes resul5ng in a species a prey that are harder to catch. If predators don t eat, they die, so predators that have adapta5ons to be be@er hunters/gatherers are more likely to survive and reproduce. EXAMPLES: EXAMPLES: Camouflage Speed Mimicry Strength Defensive Structures Climb/Borough Climb/Borough Venom

6 Competition Interspecific Compe55on Interspecific Compe,,on is a rela5onship in which two or more species struggle for the same, limited resource. This can occur when niches overlap within an ecosystem. An example of interspecific compe55on is squirrels and chipmunks searing from acorns from the same oak tree. Intraspecific Compe55on Intraspecific Compe,,on is a rela5onship in which members of the same species must struggle for their share of a limited resource. This can be caused by an increase in species popula5on or a decrease in availability of the resource. An example of intraspecific compe55on is piglets figh5ng for access to mother s milk.

7 Symbiosis Symbiosis refers to a close rela5onship between two species/organisms that tends to be long term. Each partner in a symbio5c rela5onship is called a symbiont. Some of these rela5onships are so important that the organisms involved could not survive without it, making them obligate symbionts. There are 4 types of symbio5c rela5onships: Parasi5sm + - Mutualism + + Commensalism + x Ammensalism x - NOTE: There is no - - rela5onship. Why?

8 Parasitism Parasi,sm is a rela5onship between 2 organisms in which one benefits from the rela5onship and the other is harmed by the rela5onship. Examples of parasi5sm include fleas and dogs, pigs and intes5nal worms. Parasites that live outside another organism are called ectoparasites (hornworm) and those that live inside another organism are called endoparasites (heartworm). NOTE: A parasi5c rela5onship does not usually result in the death of the host (preda5on).

9 Mutualism Mutualism describes a rela5onship between 2 organisms where both organisms benefit from the rela5onship. Examples of mutualism include bees and flowers, ants and trees, etc. The benefits from these rela5onships include protec5on, pollina5on, dispersion, and more.

10 Commensalism/Ammensalism Commensalism Ammensalism Commensalism describes a rela5onship between 2 organisms where one organism benefits from the rela5onship and the other is neither helped nor harmed by the rela5onship. Ammensalism describes a rela5onship between 2 organisms where one organism causes harm to another organism, but does not receive any benefit. Examples of commensalis5c rela5onships include egrets and ca@le, orchids and trees, etc. Examples of ammensalis5c rela5onships include people stepping on flowers, squirrels breaking branches.

11 Non- Native Species An Alien Species, or Non- Na,ve Species is a species that is not from that par5cular ecosystem. Non- Na5ve species are o`en introduced by accident or carelessness on the part of humans. Non- Na5ve species can some5mes adapt and out compete other organisms in the area for resources. As the amount of resources go down, so do the popula5ons of other organisms. The popula5ons that depend on the affected organisms also decline.

12 Examples of Invasive Species ZEBRA MUSSELS KUDZU AUSSIE RABBITS BAZOOKA SQUIREL

13 End of Lecture Objectives Differentiate between the various types of symbiotic relationships Examine the dynamics of predator-prey relationships. Predict population changes based on different relationships and environmental pressures. Explain the impacts that invasive species can have on existing relationships within an ecosystem.

7. E C. 5 B. 1 D E V E L O P A N D U S E M O D E L S T O E X P L A I N H O W O R G A N I S M S I N T E R A C T I N A C O M P E T I T I V E O R M U T

7. E C. 5 B. 1 D E V E L O P A N D U S E M O D E L S T O E X P L A I N H O W O R G A N I S M S I N T E R A C T I N A C O M P E T I T I V E O R M U T 7. E C. 5 B. 1 D E V E L O P A N D U S E M O D E L S T O E X P L A I N H O W O R G A N I S M S I N T E R A C T I N A C O M P E T I T I V E O R M U T U A L L Y B E N E F I C I A L R E L A T I O N S H I

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