North Carolina BIOLOGY (Semester) Pacing Guide

Transcription

1 North Carolina BIOLOGY (Semester) Pacing Guide Unit Objectives Major Topics/Concepts Molecular Biology Bio Bio Structure and function of 4 major biological molecules: carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids; Investigate starch, cellulose, glycogen, glucose, insulin, enzymes, hemoglobin, phospholipids, steroids, DNA, and RNA; Enzymes as catalysts, re-usable and specific; Impact of ph and temperature on enzymes; enzymes work by lowering activation energy; folding of structure produces 3-D shape that is linked to protein function; necessary for all biochemical reactions Cell Structure and Function Bioenergetic Reactions Bio Bio Bio Bio Bio The terms condensation reaction, dehydration synthesis, and hydrolysis are not included on the NC EOC. Structure and function of organelles: nucleus, plasma membrane, cell wall, mitochondria, vacuoles, chloroplasts, and ribosomes in plant and animal cells; Organelle structure determines function (folded inner membrane in mitochondria increases surface area for respiration); Interaction of organelles to carry out functions such as respiration, molecular transport, waste disposal, synthesis of new molecules such as protein; Light microscopy techniques; Proper use and calculations for total power magnification; Scanning and electron transmission microscopes vs. light microscope; Prokaryotic vs. eukaryotic cell structures; Homeostasis: regulation of temperature, ph, blood glucose levels, and water balance; Buffers; Active vs. passive transport; Diffusion; Osmosis; Semi-permeability of plasma membrane; Changes in osmotic pressure when cells placed in solutions of varying concentrations; How organisms use ATP for active transport for excretion of toxins, movement, and synthesizing molecules The terms pinocytosis, phagocytosis, endocytosis, and exocytosis are not included on the NC EOC. NC emphasizes the processes, not terminology such as hypertonic, isotonic, and hypotonic. Understand the role of the reactants and products in the chemical equations for photosynthesis, aerobic respiration, and anaerobic respiration; Factors that affect rate of photosynthesis and cellular respiration (amount of reactants, temperature, ph, light, etc.); Compare and contrast the efficiency of ATP formation, types of organisms using the processes, and the organelles involved in each process (include lactic acid and alcoholic fermentation); Aerobic vs. anaerobic Published by TE21, Inc. March

2 Molecular Genetics Bio Bio Bio Bio Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, Electron Transport Chain, and a distinction between light-dependent and light-independent parts of photosynthesis are not included on NC EOC. DNA structure; DNA nucleotide sequence codes for proteins; DNA replication s role in ensuring exact copy of parental DNA; Replication in the cell cycle; Importance of weak hydrogen bonds; Cells respond to environment by producing different types and amounts of protein; Cells within an organism have same DNA but vary due to expression of genes; Advantages and disadvantages of overproduction or underproduction of proteins at incorrect times; All organisms have same 5 nitrogenous bases (A, T, C, G, and U) found in nucleic acids; Protein synthesis: transcription and translation; Role of mrna, trna, and rrna; Amino acids, peptide bonding, and polypeptides; Structural (forming cell material parts) vs. functional (hormones, enzymes, chemicals) roles of proteins; Use codon chart to determine amino acid coded by sequence of bases; How amino acids form proteins for particular functions and phenotypes in organisms; Side chains make each amino acid different and determine how they bond and fold; Mutations as changes in DNA: deletions, additions, or substitutions; Random and spontaneous mutations; Radiation and chemical exposure as cause of mutations; How mutations change amino acid sequence, protein function, and phenotype; Sex cell mutations and gamete mutations are inheritable DNA Technology Meiosis and Heredity The NC EOC does not require students to memorize the names/structures/characteristics of 20 amino acids. 1 st Cumulative Benchmark (covering all content to this point) Bio Bio Bio Bio Bio Bio Using gel electrophoresis to compare and identify organisms based upon DNA; Basic steps of gel electrophoresis; Interpret/read gel; Applications of DNA fingerprinting; Applications of transgenic organisms in agriculture and industry including pharmaceutical; Summarize steps in bacterial transformation; Reasons for establishing Human Genome Project; Relevance of Human Genome Project results/data; Gene therapy (severe combined immunodeficiency and cystic fibrosis); Implications and ethics of genomics and biotechnology including stem cell research, gene therapy, and genetically modified organisms Summarize cell cycle: interphase (G 1, S, G 2), mitosis, and cytokinesis; Recognize diagrams of mitosis and meiosis phases and describe events of each phase; Mitosis vs. meiosis: type of reproduction, replication, and separation of DNA and cellular material, changes in chromosome #, # of cell divisions, and # of cells produced; Independent assortment: importance of genes being on separate chromosomes as it relates to meiosis; How the process of Published by TE21, Inc. March

3 meiosis leads to independent assortment and greater genetic diversity; Variation can result from crossing over, random assortment of chromosomes, gene mutations, nondisjunction, and fertilization; Punnett squares: solve and interpret problems for monohybrid crosses only; Determine parental genotypes based on offspring ratios; Interpret karyotypes; Intermediate patterns of inheritance: codominance or expression of both traits, and incomplete dominance or blending of traits; Polygenic traits: control by more than one pair of genes (skin, eye, and hair color); Autosomal inheritance patterns and characteristics of sickle cell anemia (incomplete dominance), cystic fibrosis (recessive), and Huntington s disease (dominant); Multiple alleles: solve and interpret co-dominant crosses involving multiple alleles, blood types, use of blood types to determine paternity; Understand human sex chromosomes; interpret crosses involving sex-linked traits like colorblindness and hemophilia; Understand why males are more likely to express a sex-linked trait; Use phenotype pedigrees to identify the genotypes of individuals and type of inheritance Environmental Factors and Gene Expression Adaptations Bio Bio Bio Bio The NC EOC does not require students to memorize the names of the steps or the order of the step names for mitosis and meiosis. Compare various specialized cells and their functions (nerve, muscle, blood, and sperm cells, xylem, phloem); Variation in DNA expression and gene activity determines cell differentiation and specialization; How differentiation takes place in multicellular organisms; Chemical signals released by one cell that influences development and activity of another cell; Stem cells: embryonic and adult; Examine cause-and-effect relationships between environmental factors and expression of genetic traits; Traits depend on the interaction of hereditary/genetic and environmental factors; Gene expression depends on the environment in which the genes act Students are not required to understand the details of transcriptional regulation in which specific proteins are produced that result in cell differentiation. Structures of unicellular organisms that help them survive: contractile vacuoles, cilia, flagella, pseudopodia, and eyespots; Adaptive behaviors in unicellular organisms: chemotaxis and phototaxis; Adaptations to ensure survival and reproductive success in water and land environments and evidence of variations observed: Behavioral suckling, taxes/taxis, migration, estivation, hibernation, habituation, imprinting, classical conditioning (e.g., Pavlov s dog), and trial-and-error learning Structural nutrition, respiration, transport and excretion mechanisms, camouflage, movement Published by TE21, Inc. March

4 Reproductive sexual vs. asexual, eggs, seeds, spores, placental, types of fertilization Classification and Taxonomy Evolution Bio Bio Bio Bio Bio Focus has shifted from an exhaustive study of classes of organisms through comparative anatomy to the emphasis of connections between organisms adaptations and survival in their environments. Changing nature of classification based on new knowledge generated by research on evolutionary relationships; History of classification system including the development of the seven level classification system (KPCOFGS) and binomial nomenclature; Use of dichotomous keys to identify organisms; Basis of classification system: evolutionary phylogeny, DNA and biochemical analysis, embryology, morphology; Use of phylogenetic trees to compare organisms in terms of relatedness and time of appearance in geologic history Early atmosphere and experiments suggesting how the first cells evolved; Early conditions impact on development of organisms (anaerobic and prokaryotic); Evolution of photosynthetic organisms; Evolution of eukaryotic, multicellular, and aerobic organisms; Fossil evidence (relative and absolute dating methods); Patterns in the fossil record and resulting inferences; Biochemical (molecular) similarities as biochemical evidence of evolution; Shared anatomical structures (homologies) as evidence of evolution; Development of the theory of evolution by natural selection; Potential for species numbers to increase exponentially; Mutations and genetic recombination lead to genetic variability in populations; Finite supply of resources for life; Changing environments select for specific genetic phenotypes; Favorable adaptations enable organisms to survive, reproduce, and pass on alleles; Accumulation and change in favored alleles leads to changes in species over time; Role of geographic isolation in speciation; Role of disease agents in natural selection (antibiotic and pesticide resistance in various species, passive/active immunity, antivirals, and vaccines) Ecosystems Bio Bio Bio Bio Bio The NC EOC excludes patterns in embryology and homologous and analogous vocabulary. Relationship of carbon cycle to photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and climate change; Nitrogen cycle and its importance to protein synthesis and DNA; Role of nitrogen fixing bacteria; Influence of greenhouse effect on climate and its relationship to the carbon cycle and human impact on atmospheric CO 2; Climatic changes due to natural processes (volcanoes and other geological processes); Recycling of matter within ecosystems and the struggle to find balance; Analyze direction and efficiency of energy transfer within energy pyramids; Continuous input of energy required for organization of living systems; Importance of radiant energy and its conversion to Published by TE21, Inc. March

5 chemical energy for life processes; Symbiotic relationships (mutualism and parasitism); Forms of communication including pheromones (ants, bees, termites), courtship dances, and territorial defense (fighting fish); Predator/prey and competition relationships and patterns; Population dynamics-dynamic equilibrium; Limiting factors (food availability, climate, water, territory) influence on carrying capacity; Interpret population growth graphs; Human population growth graphs showing historical and potential changes, factors influencing birth and death rates, and the environmental effects of population size, density, and resource use; How disease disrupts ecosystem balance (AIDS, influenza, tuberculosis, Dutch elm disease, Pfiesteria, etc.); Human impact on ecosystems: population growth, technology, consumption of resources, production of waste); Interpret data on human historical and predicted impact on ecosystems and global climate; Factors impacting NC ecosystems: acid rain in mountains, beach erosion, urban development in Piedmont, hog waste lagoons, and invasive species (Kudzu); Human impact on natural resources (resource depletion, deforestation, pesticide use, and bioaccumulation); Examples of conservation methods and stewardship Commensalistic relationships may be early mutualism, so commensalism will not be distinguished from mutualism. Biomes are not assessed on the NC EOC. Final Comprehensive Benchmark (covering all content) Published by TE21, Inc. March