Microbial Diversity. Bacteria Archaea Protista Fungi. Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

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Vincent Stewart
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1 Microbial Diversity Bacteria Archaea Protista Fungi

3 Figure 19-1 Three common prokaryote shapes

4 Figure 19-2 The prokaryote flagellum

5 Figure 19-2b The structure of the bacterial flagellum cell wall wheelandaxle base outer membrane peptidoglycan layer plasma membrane (b) The structure of the bacterial flagellum

6 Figure 19-3 The cause of tooth decay

7 Figure 19-4 Spores protect some bacteria

8 Figure 19-5 Some prokaryotes thrive in extreme conditions

9 Figure 19-6 Cyanobacteria

10 Figure 19-7 Reproduction in prokaryotes

11 Figure 19-8 Conjugation: prokaryotic mating

12 Figure 19-9 Nitrogen-fixing bacteria in root nodules

Figure 19-10 The sizes of microorganisms 1 m Staphylococcus cyanobacterium

13 Figure The sizes of microorganisms 1 m Staphylococcus cyanobacterium Escherichia coli Eukaryotic cells ( m) Prokaryotic cells ( m) Viruses ( m)

14 Viruses RNA or DNA Can have a membrane Plant viruses vs. animal viruses

15 Figure 19-11b Bacteriophage

16 Figure Some viruses infect bacteria

17 Figure 19-11a Rabies virus

18 Figure 19-11c Tobacco mosaic viruses

19 Figure 19-11d Influenza viruses

Figure 19-12 Viral structure and replication glycoproteins envelope (lipid bilayer) protein

20 Figure Viral structure and replication glycoproteins envelope (lipid bilayer) protein coat spikes genetic material (viral RNA) coated with protein core proteins reverse transcriptase

21 Figure E19-2 How viruses replicate Step 2 envelope coat core RNA reverse transcriptase 1 A virus attaches to a receptor on the host's plasma membrane; its core disintegrates, and viral RNA enters the cytoplasm (nucleus) (cytoplasm) DNA RNA mrna (a) HIV virus, a retrovirus, invades a white blood cell

22 Figure E19-2 How viruses replicate Step 8 envelope coat (cytoplasm) DNA DNA 1 A virus enters a cell by endocytosis mrna (nucleus) (b) Herpes virus, a double-stranded DNA virus, invades a skin cell

24 Figure Prions: puzzling proteins

Table 20-1 The Major Groups of Protists (1 of 2) Group Subgroup Locomotion Nutrition Representative Features Representative Genus Excavates Diplomonads Swim with flagella Heterotrophic Lack

26 Table 20-1 The Major Groups of Protists (1 of 2) Group Subgroup Locomotion Nutrition Representative Features Representative Genus Excavates Diplomonads Swim with flagella Heterotrophic Lack mitochondria; inhabit soil or water, or may be parasitic Giardia (intestinal parasite of mammals) Parabasalids Swim with flagella Heterotrophic Lack mitochondria; parasites or commensal symbionts Trichomonas (causes the sexually transmitted infection trichomoniasis) Euglenozoans Euglenids Swim with one flagellum Autotrophic; photosynthetic Have an eyespot; all fresh water Euglena (common pond-dweller) Kinetoplastids Swim with flagella Heterotrophic Inhabit soil or water, or may be parasitic Trypanosoma (causes African sleeping sickness) Stramenopiles (chromists) Water molds Swim with flagella (gametes) Heterotrophic Filamentous Plasmopara (causes downy mildew) Diatoms Glide along surfaces Autotrophic; photosynthetic Have silica shells; most marine Navicula (glides toward light) Brown algae Nonmotile Autotrophic; photosynthetic Seaweeds of temperate oceans Macrocystis (forms kelp forests) Alveolates Dinoflagellates Swim with two flagella Autotrophic; photosynthetic Many bioluminescent; often have cellulose Apicomplexans Nonmotile Heterotrophic All parasitic; form infectious spores Ciliates Swim with cilia Heterotrophic Include the most complex single cells Gonyaulax (causes red tide) Plasmodium (causes malaria) Paramecium (fastmoving pond-dweller)

Table 20-1 The Major Groups of Protists (2 of 2) Group Subgroup Locomotion Nutrition Representative Features Representative Genus Rhizarians Foraminiferans Extend thin pseudopods Heterotrophic Have

27 Table 20-1 The Major Groups of Protists (2 of 2) Group Subgroup Locomotion Nutrition Representative Features Representative Genus Rhizarians Foraminiferans Extend thin pseudopods Heterotrophic Have calcium carbonate shells Globigerina Radiolarians Extend thin pseudopods Heterotrophic Have silica shells Actinomma Amoebozoans Lobose amoebas Extend thick pseudopods Heterotrophic Have no shells Amoeba (common pond-dweller) Acellular slime molds Sluglike mass oozes over surfaces Heterotrophic Form multinucleate plasmodium Physarum (forms a large, bright orange mass) Cellular slime molds Amoeboid cells extend pseudopods; sluglike mass crawls over surfaces Heterotrophic Form pseudoplasmodium with individual amoeboid cells Dictyostelium (often used in laboratory studies) Red algae Nonmotile Autotrophic; photosynthetic Some deposit calcium Porphyra (used to carbonate; mostly marine make sushi wrappers) Green algae Swim with flagella (some species) Autotrophic; photosynthetic Closest relatives of land plants Ulva (sea lettuce)

28 Figure 20-1 Pseudopods

29 Figure 20-2a Reproducing by cell division

30 Figure 20-2b Exchanging genetic material

31 Figure 20-3 Giardia: The curse of campers

32 Figure 20-4 Trichomonas causes a sexually transmitted infection

33 Figure 20-5 Euglena, a representative euglenid flagellum eyespot contractile vacuole stored food nucleolus chloroplasts nucleus

34 Figure 20-6 A disease-causing kinetoplastid

35 Figure 20-8 Some representative diatoms

36 Figure 20-9 Brown algae, a multicellular protist

37 Figure A dinoflagellate

38 Figure A red tide

Figure 20-12 The life cycle of the malaria parasite 1 A female Anopheles mosquito bites an infected human and ingests gametocytes, which become gametes (infected human) female gametocyte male gamete

39 Figure The life cycle of the malaria parasite 1 A female Anopheles mosquito bites an infected human and ingests gametocytes, which become gametes (infected human) female gametocyte male gamete female gamete salivary glands male gametocyte 2 Fertilization produces a zygote that enters the wall of the mosquito s stomach 3 The zygote gives rise to sporozoites that migrate to the mosquito s salivary glands 7 The synchronized rupture of red blood cells releases toxins and the parasites; some parasites infect more blood cells 6 Parasites multiply in the red blood cells 8 Some parasites become gametocytes, which may be ingested by another feeding Anopheles mosquito 5 Parasites emerge from the liver and enter red blood cells 4 The infected mosquito bites an uninfected human and saliva containing sporozites is injected; the sporozites enter the liver and develop through several stages liver

Figure 20-13 The complexity of ciliates macronucleus oral groove food

40 Figure The complexity of ciliates macronucleus oral groove food vacuole forming micronucleus food vacuole contractile vacuole anal pore cilia

41 Figure A microscopic predator

42 Figure 20-15a Foraminifera

43 Figure 20-15b A radiolarian

44 Figure An amoeba

46 Figure 20-17a Plasmodium

47 Figure 20-17b Fruiting bodies

Figure 20-18 The life cycle of a cellular slime mold 1 When food becomes scarce, cells aggregate into a slug-like mass called a pseudoplasmodium nucleus fruiting bodies 3

48 Figure The life cycle of a cellular slime mold 1 When food becomes scarce, cells aggregate into a slug-like mass called a pseudoplasmodium nucleus fruiting bodies 3 Single, amoeba-like cells emerge from spores, and crawl and feed spores 2 A pseudoplasmodium migrates toward light and forms a fruiting body in which spores are produced haploid (n)

49 Figure Red algae

50 Figure 20-20a Spirogyra

51 Figure 20-20b Ulva

52 Figure E19-1 Rare beef is a haven for dangerous bacteria

53 Figure Green algae

54 Table 20-1 The Major Groups of Protists

Protists The Simplest Eukaryotes. Chapter 22 Part 1

Protists The Simplest Eukaryotes Chapter 22 Part 1 Impacts, Issues The Malaria Menace Plasmodium, a single-celled protist, causes malaria but also manipulates its mosquito and human hosts to maximize its