Bio Organic Compounds

Transcription

1 Bio Organic Compounds Fill in the chart below on organic compounds. NOTE: please use the following words when filling the row for examples Starch Cellulose Insulin Glycogen DNA Glucose Enzymes Hemoglobin Fats RNA Monomer Proteins Carbohydrates Lipids Nucleic Acids Function (why are they important) Examples Plants store carbohydrates as. Animals store carbohydrates as. What element must all organic compounds contain?. 1

2 Fill in the following chart using the following words Carbohydrates Lipids Phospholipids DNA Monosaccharides Nucleic acids Enzymes Polysaccharides Proteins Fats Nucleotides RNA Organic Compounds include Which include Which are made of Amino acid Which are made of Which include and include disaccharide and include 2

3 Bio Enzymes Enzymes are that _ by. What are three important characteristics of enzymes? Label the following picture using these terms Enzyme Substrate products Enzyme-substrate complex Active site Explain what is happening in the graph to the left. At what ph does gastric protease work best? At what ph does intestinal protease begin to denature? 3

4 Bio Cells Compare and contrast eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells. What are three main organelles a plant cell has that an animal cell is lacking? Fill in the chart below on cell structure and function. Function Nucleus Found in plant/animal or both? Cell membrane Cell wall Vacuole Ribosome Chloroplast Mitochondria Cytoplasm 4

5 Bio Special Cells Use the picture above to answer the following questions: 1. Label these cells (red blood cell, sperm cell, white blood cell, muscle cell, nerve cell) 2. Which cell is adapted for movement? 3. What cell organelle is very plentiful in these cells in order to provide the energy for movement? 4. Which cell has no nucleus? What is the function of this cell? 5. Which cell is involved in the immune system? 6. Which cell is adapted for transmitting messages? 5

6 Bio Cells Label the following cells as either plant or animal and then fill in the blanks with the corresponding cell organelle. cell cell 6

7 1. Describe the hierarchy of cell organization using the following terms: Cell, Organ, Tissue, Organ system, Organism Bio Microscopes: 2. Individual cells are too small to see with the naked eye. What did we use in class in order to see individual cells? 3. What are the two types of lenses on a microscope? 4. How do you calculate total magnification? Use the following terms to answer the questions below: Receptor protein chemical signals hormone 5. How do cells communicate with other cells? For example, how does a nerve cell send a muscle cell a message? 6. A special protein used to stimulate a reaction in the body? 7. A substance secreted by the body to perform certain functions. 7

8 Cell Transport and maintenance of homeostasis Bio What is homeostasis? 2. What cell organelle is responsible for maintaining homeostasis? 3. What are some things in our bodies that have to stay homeostatic? Label the following picture of the cell membrane. Word Bank: Protein Channel Phospholipid (Label head & Tail) Protein Molecule (2) Glycolipid(Steroid) PASSIVE TRANPORT ACTIVE TRANSPORT Requires energy? Low to high concentration or high to low concentration? Examples 8

9 1. Explain what has happened in the diagram above. 2. Why did the large dark molecules NOT move to the left? 3. How is the semipermeable membrane like a cell membrane? 4. If the dark molecule is starch, where is the starch concentration greatest (left or right)? 5. If the white molecule is water, where is the water concentration greatest at first? 6. In osmosis, water moves from an area of to an area of concentration. 7. If the dark molecules could move, in what direction would they move? Why? 8. In diffusion, molecules move from an area of to an area of concentration. 9. What is osmotic pressure? 10. Draw arrows to show which way water will move in each of the following situations: a. Salt inside the cell = 65% and outside the cell 40%. b. Sugar inside the cell 27% and outside 80%. 9

10 11. A cell with a 5% solute concentration is placed in a container with a 1% solute concentration. What will happen to the cell? 1% solute 5% solute 12. How do plant cells and animal cells respond differently to the environments they are place in? 10

11 What goes in (reactants) What goes out (products) Where does it happen? What organisms perform it? Equation Bioenergetic Reactions (photosynthesis and respiration) Photosynthesis Aerobic Respiration Anaerobic Respiration 1. What are some factors that might influence the rate of photosynthesis? 2. What is the form of energy produced by our cells? 3. What form of energy does our cells use? 4. What is the difference between aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration? How is energy released from the ATP for our bodies to use? 11

12 5. Explain what is happening in the picture above. Make sure you tell how photosynthesis and respiration are a cycle. 6. What happens when we do not get enough OXYGEN to our cells? 7. Fill in the chart on fermentation Lactic Acid Site of occurrence Alcoholic What/Who does this What are the products 12

13 Bio DNA, RNA, and Protein Synthesis DNA 1. What are the building blocks of DNA and RNA? 2. What are the three components of nucleotides? 3. What describes the shape of DNA? 4. Does every cell in our body contain the same set of DNA? Explain. Label the following nucleotide with the three components you listed in question number 2. Use the picture below to answer the questions to the right. 5. What does the box in the bottom left corner represent? 6. What do the ATCG represent? 7. What do the symbols represent? A = T = C = G = 8. What type of bond holds the bases together? 13

14 9. Why is it important that the hydrogen bond is weak? 10. How do the bases always pair? Fill in the matching bases on the following picture 11. Why does DNA need to replicate? 12. What is produced as a result of DNA replication? RNA Bio What are the three types of RNA? 14. What base is different in RNA compared to DNA? RNA is important for two main processes transcription and translation. Transcription fill in the blanks using the words in the word bank to understand what is going on during transcription ribosome nucleus transcription DNA DNA is too large to leave the so mrna does the work for DNA. mrna copies one side of and carries the direction to a. This process of mrna carrying the instructions from the DNA to the ribosomes is called. 14

15 Translation fill in the blanks using the words in the word bank to understand what is going on during translation Anicodon codon peptide bond trna Amino acids protein Once mrna attaches to the ribosome, the ribosome starts reading a three letter code on mrna called the. When the codon is recognized, begins to bring to the ribosome. In order for the amino acids to be dropped off to form a protein, a three letter code on trna called a must match the mrna. The amino acids are held together by and form a. Transcribe and translate the following DNA strand using the codon chart below DNA: T A C T A T C C G G G T A T T 15. mrna: 16. trna: 17. amino acids: REMEMBER WHEN YOU USE THE CHART THAT mrna IS WHAT CONTAINS THE INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE CORRECT AMINO ACID. trna JUST BRINS THE AMINO ACID BASED ON THE INSTRUCTIONS FROM mrna. 15

16 1. Describe what is happening in the picture above? 16

17 Compare RNA and DNA in the following table Sugar Bases Strands Where in Cell Function DNA RNA Bio Mutations: 2. What do we call it when a there is a mistake or change in the DNA? 3. Are all mutations bad? Explain. 4. What are the two main types of gene mutations? Mutations use the original DNA to describe what type of mutation is occurring. Original DNA: A T C C T G Mutated DNA: A T C T G Type of mutation Mutated DNA A T T C T G Type of mutation IMPORTANT TO KNOW Central dogma 17

18 Bio Cell Division Compare and contrast mitosis and meiosis by filling in the following chart Type of reproduction (asexual or sexual) Chromosome number of mother cell (N=haploid, D=diploid) Chromosome number of daughter cell (N=haploid, D=diploid) Number of cell divisions Number of cells produced Type of cells produced (somatic or sex) Sources of variation Crossing over Random assortment of chromosomes Gene Mutations Nondisjuction Fertilization MITOSIS MEIOSIS 18

19 1. Draw the phases of the cell cycle. Explain what occurs at each phase. 2. Interphase is not a phase of mitosis. What is going on during interphase? 3. What phase do we see chromosomes lining in the middle of the cell? 4. What disappears during prophase? 19

20 5. Explain how meiosis leads to independent assortment. 20

21 Name of Phase of meiosis Description Homologous chromosomes pair up and form tetrad Spindle fibers move homologous chromosomes to opposite sides Nuclear membrane reforms, cytoplasm divides, 4 daughter cells formed 4. Chromosomes line up along equator, not in homologous pairs 5. Crossing-over occurs 6. Chromatids separate 7. Homologs line up alone equator 8. Cytoplasm divides, 2 daughter cells are formed Name the phases in the diagram below related to meiosis 21

22 Bio Genetics Describe/define the following terms: 1. Genotype 2. Phenotype 3. Homozygous 4. Heterozygous 5. P Generation 6. F1 Generation 7. F2 Generation 8. Polygenic traits 9. Carrier Describe the different types of genetic crosses (punnett squares) below: 1. Complete dominance 2. Incomplete dominance 3. Codominance 4. Multiple Alleles 5. Sex-linked traits 22

23 6. In the Punnett square to the left, T = tall and t=short. Give the genotype for the parents. 7. Give the phenotype for the parents. 8. What are the genotypes and phenotypes of the offspring? 9. What is the genotypic ratio of the offspring? 10. What is the phenotypic ratio of the offspring? Use your knowledge of the following terms and complete the Punnett Squares and questions below: 1. Black is dominant to white. Cross two heterozygous parents. What are the different genotypes of the offspring? What are the different phenotypes of the offspring? 2. When red flowers are crossed with white flowers, pink flowers result. What inheritance pattern does this represent?. Cross two pink flowers. What are the different genotypes of the offspring? What are the different phenotypes of the offspring? 23

24 3. Striped petunias result from crossing white and purple petunias. What inheritance pattern does this represent? Cross a striped petunia and a white petunia. What is the probability of having a striped petunia? What are the different genotypes of the offspring? 4. Hemophilia is sex-linked trait. A normal woman whose father was a hemophiliac marries a normal man. What are the chances of hemophilia occurring in their children? 5. Colorblindness is a sex-linked. Cross a carrier female with a normal male. What are the chances of their daughters being color blind? What are chances of their sons being color blind? Will any of their daughters be a carrier? 24

25 Bio Blood Typing 6. The technician at the hospital who writes identification wristbands in the hospital delivery room mixed up four newborn babies. The hospital determined their blood types. Susan has AB, Aliah has O, Jason has A, and Kayla has B. Use the information and the punnett squares below to determine which baby belongs to which parents. Parents #1 had blood types O and AB Parents #2 had blood type AB and B Parents #3 had blood type O and O Parents #4 had blood type O and A Parents 1 Parents 2 Parents 3 Parents 4 1. What is a karyotype? What is the gender of the person? What is the disorder that this person has? What is your evidence? 25

26 Describe a pedigree and why they are important? Use the pedigree to answer the following questions 1. What do the circles represent? 2. What do the squares represent? 3. How many generations are represented in this pedigree? 4. Circle the oldest person on the pedigree. 5. Write the genotype of each person on the pedigree (use A and a for your alleles) 6. Is this trait dominant or recessive 7. Is this trait sex-linked or autosomal? 26

27 Bio 3.3 Biotechnology Human Genome 1. What was the purpose of the human genome project? 2. What is gene therapy and how has the human genome project helped improve gene therapy? Gel Electrophoresis 3. When a scientists performs a gel electrophoresis experiment, what is the resulted barcode pattern called? 4. What two main reasons do we use DNA fingerprints for? Answer the following questions regarding the DNA fingerprints shown below: 5. Whose blood is shown in the left hand column? 6. How do you know? 27

28 Bio Gel Electrophoresis 1. Could the defendant be the rapist? Explain your answer. 2. Which fragments of DNA are the longest? Explain. Transgenic organisms 1. What does the word transgenic mean? 2. What does the term recombinant DNA mean? 28

29 Use the picture above to answer the following questions 3. Describe what is happening at letter A in the diagram? 4. Describe what is happening at letter B in the diagram? 5. Why would this be important in the medical field? THINK about the example from class. HINT: diabetes 6. Whey do scientist use a bacteria when creating transgenic organisms or genetically modified organisms(2 specific reasons)? 7. What are some ethic al issues that might arise with the use of ALL of these technologies (human genome, gel electrophoresis, and transgenic organisms)? 29

30 Bio 3.4 Evolution 1. Who is the father of evolution? 2. What important theory did the person in #1 develop? 3. Describe natural selection. 4. What did Darwin first observe while watching different groups of organisms? He noticed this factor was in every population and without, natural selection could not occur? 5. What are some sources of variation within a population? Miller and Urey did an experiment to recreate the early earth and atmosphere. 6. What was the one gas component missing in their experiment that is crucial to most life? 7. What was the goal of their experiment? 30

31 8. Think how their experiment influenced what scientists theorize about the first organisms of life. What did they think the first organisms were? Circle all words that apply. Prokaryotic eukaryotic anaerobic heterotrophic aerobic autotrophic 9. Describe the endosymbiotic theory: Redi and Pastuer completed two different experiments in order to figure out where life came from. Answer the questions to review their findings as they deal with spontaneous generation. 10. What is abiogenesis? 11. What is biogenesis? 12. Which, abiogenesis or biogenesis, do we believe today? Evidence for evolution 13. What type of rock to find fossils in? 14. The deeper we go in this rock, the the fossil. 15. What is a homologous structure? Give an example. 16. What is an analogous structure? Give an example. 17. What is a vestigial structure? Give an example. 18. If a population that was once able to breed is separated by a physical barrier such as a mountain or river, what type of isolation could we say this represents? 31

32 Bio Classification of Organisms Linnaeus 1. What are the seven classification levels of Linnaeus taxonomy? 2. What is the most diverse level? 3. Over time, what has happened to the number of kingdoms, has it increased in number or decreased? 4. What is the two name system assigned to each organism? 5. How do we assign the two names based on Linnaeus classification system? 6. What is the scientific name of this organism? 7. Do all of the organisms in this family belong to the same kingdom? 32

33 1. What characteristics do the Rodents and Rabbits possess? 2. What characteristics do the amphibians and ray-finned fish share? 3. What characteristic do all of these organisms possess? Bio Dichotomous Keys Use the following dichotomous key to identify the tree branch shown. The tree branch is considered to have LONG needles. 1. a. leaf is needle-like.go to 2 b. leaf is broad go to 5 2. a. needles are short...go to 3 b. needles are long...go to 4 3. a. underside of needles green hemlock b. underside of needles silver..balsam 4. a. 3 needles in bundle.pitch pine b. 5 needles in bundle.white pine 5. a. edge of leaf round.go to 6 b. edge of leaf serrated go to 7 33

34 Bio Comparison of Organisms What is the function of the following kidney and how does it help maintain homeostasis? What is the main difference between vascular and nonvascular plants? Explain how the diagram to the left aids an organism in carrying out cellular respiration. What organism in the picture to the right is an autotroph?. What does that mean? What organism is a heterotroph?. What does that mean? 34

35 Compare and contrast sexual and asexual reproduction Explain the purpose of the following: Egg- Seed- Spore- Placenta- Internal fertilization- External fertilization- 35

36 Diseases - Bio & Explain the relationship between sickle cell anemia and malaria. 2. Explain the relationship between lung and mouth cancer and tobacco use. 3. Explain the relationship between skin cancer, vitamin D, folic acid and sun exposure. 4. Explain the relationship between diabetes, diet/exercise, and genetics. 5. Explain the relationship between PKU and diet. 6. Explain how each of the following can disrupt ecosystem balance: a. Aids b. Influenza c. Tuberculosis d. Dutch Elm Disease e. Dfiesteria 36

37 Bio Patterns of Animal Behavior Describe the following major categories for animal behavior: 1. Innate 2. Learned 3. Social Classify the following behaviors by putting them in the table below: Suckling (Nursing) Hibernation Migration Estivation Taxis Habituation Imprinting Trial & Error Classical Conditioning Courtship Dances Territoriality Communication, using Pheromones Social Innate Learned Match the following Descriptions with the correct Animal Behaviors. 1. Dormant during summer months. 2. Activities used to attract a mate. 3. An attachment of young made toward another individual (usually a parent). 4. An attraction/repulsion to something specific. 5. behavior most often in males claiming an area of land. 6. Innate behavior in newborn mammals. 7. Desensitization. 8. Social behavior in which organisms pass information along to each other. 9. Dormant during winter months. 10. Movement from one region to another. 11. Learned behavior with the reward an avoidance of punishment. 12. patterns of activity according to time (i.e. time of day or time of year). 13. A learned behavior that provokes a response that would not naturally occur with the stimulus alone (i.e. A cat coming into the kitchen when the can opener is used because she is fed canned food and sometimes treated to tuna fish). 37 A. Suckling (Nursing) B. Hibernation C. Migration D. Estivation E. Taxis F. Habituation G. Imprinting H. Trial & Error I. Classical Conditioning J. Courtship K. Territoriality L. Communication M. Circadian Rhythms

38 Bio Organisms, Populations, Communities, and Ecosystems In the following chart, explain the symbiotic relationships Relationship Definition Example Mutualism Commensalism Parasitism Predator-Prey 1. In the graph below, which organism is the prey? Which is the predator? 2. Which population increases (or falls) first and why? 3. Which population increases (or falls) second and why? NOTE: Hares are rabbits 38

39 Bio Population Growth 1. List at least 3 biotic factors in an environment. 2. List at least 3 abiotic factors in an environment. Graph 1: Rabbits Over Time 1. What kind of growth curve is shown by the graph below? 2. What is the carrying capacity for rabbits? 3. During what month(s) were rabbits in exponential growth? 39

40 Graph 2: Mexico and US 1. In Mexico, what percentage of the population is between 0-4 years of age? 2. In the US? 3. Which population is growing the fastest? 4. Which age group has the smallest number in both countries? 40

41 Graph 3: Word Population Growth 1. The graph to below shows the growth of the human population from 1 A.D. to 2000 A.D. Describe what you see has happened. 2. Predict what will happen to population growth in the future and explain your reasoning. 3. What factors influence birth and death rates? 41

42 Bio Flow of energy and the cycling of matter Carbon Cycle Use the picture above to answer the following questions 1. What are three biotic factors in the picture? 2. What are three abiotic factors in the picture? 3. Which process(es) put carbon dioxide into the atmosphere? 4. Which process(es) take carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere? 42

43 Food Webs Use the food web above to answer the following questions 1. What are the producers in this food web? 2. What are the primary consumers (herbivores) in this food web? 3. What are the secondary consumers in this food web? 4. What are the highest level consumers in this food web? 43

44 Create an energy pyramid from the food chain: leaves insects birds redfox bear 1. Where is the most energy in this pyramid? 2. Where is the least energy? 3. What happens to energy as it moves through the food chain/web? 4. Assume there are 10,000 kcal of energy in the leaves? Estimate the amount of energy in each of the other levels of the energy pyramid. 5. What happens to matter as it moves through the food chain/web? 6. What is the ultimate source of energy for this food web? 44

45 Bio Human Population Explain the effect each of the following may have on the environment. Factor Population Size Effect on Environment Population Density Resource Use Acid Rain Habitat Destruction Introduced non-native species Pesticide use Deforestation 1. How do changes in human populations affect populations of other organisms? 3. What are some examples of sustainable practices and stewardship that can protect the environment? 45