= Sexual Reproduction. 2 Types of Reproduction. Key Terms Gonads- sex organs (testes, ovaries) Sexual Reproduction. What is Meiosis?

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1 Sexual And Meiosis 2 Types of Asexual Sexual Sexual Increases survival for both plants and animals by passing genetic material within generations. Creates VARIETY in a species by the reassortment (mixing) of DNA. 2 parents = 1 offspring (mixed genetic material) What is Meiosis? The process where 2 cell divisions take place to produce offspring with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell. Prevents the amount of DNA from continually multiplying in the nucleus. Key Terms Gonads- sex organs (testes, ovaries) Gametes- sex cells (sperm, egg) = Sexual Homologous chromosomes - similar chromosome 1 from male parent & 1 from female parent; each has similar gene for same trait. 1

2 MOM (Position) DAD When Sperm Meets Egg - (A gene that occupies a position on a chromosome) Sperm Nucleus Mitochondria DNA Fertilization - sperm nucleus fuses with egg nucleus. Zygote - fertilized egg ( chromosomes) Diploid - chromosomes (2N) Haploid (monoploid) - chromosomes Diploid Number (2n) Purpose of Zygote Fertilization To restore the complete number of chromosomes in a species (). Sperm Ovum Zygote = () () Mitosis Meiosis + = n + n = 2n = Fertilization () Asexual reproduction 1 parent cell No gametes (no sex cells) Chromosome replicate Type of cell division produces offspring. Offspring genetically identical. 2 Daughter cells made ( chrom. each) 1 cell division Sexual reproduction 2 parent cell Gametes present (sex cells) Chromosome replicate Type of cell division produces offspring. Offspring NOT genetically identical. 4 Daughter cells made ( chrom. each) 2 cell divisions 2

3 Meiotic Cell Division 1. Occurs in Gonads ONLY! Synapsis pairs up 2. The pairing up of homologous chromosomes called synapsis. (Prophase 1) 3. The 4 chromatid group is called a tetrad. (Prophase 1) Tetrad 4. Chromosomes cross over to make genetic variations called crossing-over. (Prophase 1) 5. 1st meiotic cell division forms 2 daughter cells. Each a haploid number and already replicated (doubled). (Telophase 1) 6. 2nd meiotic cell division forms 4 haploid cells that are single-stranded chromosomes. (Telophase 2) 7. Males: 4 haploid sperms ( chromosomes each) Females: 1 haploid egg ( chromosomes) Meiosis Nucleus undergoes 2 divisions. Meiosis 1 Meiosis 2 single-stranded each (2n) Single-stranded double-stranded double-stranded Meiosis In Humans Males Spermatocyte Oocyte Females 1st Division 2nd Division (Spermatozoon) 1 st Polar Body 3 Polar bodies (not functional) Meiosis 1 Meiosis 2 3

4 A dog cell has 78 chromosomes. How many chromosomes would each gamete cell have? 39 Karyotyping An elephant s gamete has 28 chromosomes in a sperm cell. How may chromosomes would be found in a skin cell? A mosquito has 6 chromosomes. How many would be in an egg cell? 56 3 Paired up by similar traits (seen by bands) Meiosis + Haploid (Egg- Sex Cell) Haploid (Sperm Sex Cell) YOU Chromosomes (Diploid) 4

5 Meiosis Review: Label Both Diagrams Spermatogenesis or Oogenesis? A. B. Diploid (Human) Haploid (Sex Cell) Animal or Plant cell & Why? Simple Organisms are Does Meiosis in Simple Organisms Happen? Bacteria Green Algae Paramecia Yes! Meiosis Does Occur In Simple Organisms And In Humans 5

6 Meiosis (Sexual ) in simple organisms go through a process called Conjugation Conjugation Happens when a bridge of cytoplasm is formed between a two cells and nuclear material is exchanged. Paramecium Meets Paramecium Conjugation In The Paramecium: Where Is The Bridge? Conjugation In Green Algae: Where Is The Bridge? 1. External Fertilization Gametes fuse outside the body of the female. Gametes are released in the water. Ex) Aquatic animals (invertebrates, most fish, amphibians) 6

7 The Pacific Salmon External Fertilization: Salmon Spawning Spawning means when female salmon lays her eggs and the male swims over and releases his sperm over the eggs. 2. Internal Fertilization Gametes fuse within the body. The zygote remains in the body for fertilization or the zygote is released out of the body. Ex) Land animals (mammals, humans) Exceptions (sharks, lobsters) How Do Animals Know It Is The Right Time To Mate? Animals know through different reproductive adaptations. These adaptations trigger the release of eggs and sperm. 1. Singing 2. Display of special feathers 3. Color patches on the skin 4. Release chemicals called pheromones Meiosis (sex cells) & Mitosis (body cells) Meiosis Mitosis for human development 7

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