CELL DIVISION - AN INTRODUCTION

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "CELL DIVISION - AN INTRODUCTION"

Transcription

1 CELL DIVISION - AN INTRODUCTION Dear Reader In the previous chapter you have read about the diversity in the living world. One of the fundamental feature of all living organisms is reproduction. Reproduction as you are aware is the process by which parents can produce young ones of the similar kind. You are also familiar with asexual and sexual reproduction. Try to recall the differences between the two. Asexual Reproduction- only single parent is involved and genetically identical copies are produced. Sexual Reproduction- requires fertilization of male and female gametes; results in variation. Let us try to recall your early childhood (or of some other child you know). What is the approximate height of a child who is: just born one-month old one-year old five-year old ten-year old? Compare it with your present height. I am sure you agree that there is an increase in height at each stage as compared to the previous one. You might have noticed increase in height of a plant as it grows from a seedling into an adult plant. Growth is another fundamental feature of all living organisms. Did you ever try to find out the mechanism of growth in living organisms? Is growth the result of an increase in cell size or an increase in cell number? 201

2 One of the changes that is associated with the growth of an organism is increase in the number of cells. How do cells increase in number? Cells divide to increase their numbers. Try to recall the process of binary fission in Amoeba and budding in yeast. You are also aware about the fact that higher plants and animals cannot divide by binary fission and budding. Cell division is the key phenomenon for both growth and reproduction. Cell division in higher organisms is mainly of two types: mitosis and meiosis. Mitosis is an equational division and meiosis is a reductional division. In this chapter we will study some basic concepts related with these two types of cell division. Chromosomes In eukaryotes, the nucleus of all cells contains thread - like structures called chromosomes. Each chromosome is further made up of helically coiled DNA. DNA is the hereditary material in all organisms except some viruses. During cell division, DNA is transmitted from parent cells to the daughter cells, thus DNA is the unit of inheritance. You will learn more about the structure of chromosome in Chapter 8- Cell: The Unit of Life in class XI. Figure 1: Relationship between Nuclear, Chromosomes, DNA and Genes 202

3 Haploid and Diploid Cells Try to recall the number of chromosomes in human sperm and ovum. The number of sets of chromosomes in a cell is called its ploidy. A cell with one set of chromosomes is called haploid (n), whereas a cell with two sets of chromosomes is called diploid (2n). Gametes such as sperm and ovum have only one set of chromosomes, so they are haploid (n). Somatic cells have two sets of chromosomes, so they are diploid (2n). Ploidy Haploid(n) sperm (male gamete) ovum (female gamete) Diploid(2n) somatic cells Figure 2: Ploidy of cells Video link: Let us know more about somatic cells and gametes present in higher animals. Somatic Cells and Reproductive Cells Somatic cells or vegetal cells make up all tissues and organs of the body such as skin, stomach, intestine, lungs, bones and blood. In a multicellular organism, any cell other than gametes, germ cells or stem cells is a somatic cell. Somatic cells are diploid and divide by mitosis or equational division to form more somatic cells which are also diploid. What is the number of chromosomes in human somatic cells? 203

4 Stem cells (2n) are undifferentiated cells normally present in the bone marrow of an adult. These cells divide by mitosis to form more cells of the same type from which some cells can differentiate into specialised cells. In animals, the egg cell and sperms are the gametes. They are also called reproductive cells, as they participate in the process of sexual reproduction. Each mature reproductive cell is haploid. Haploid gametes are formed from diploid germ cells by a type of cell division called meiosis or reductional division. Gametes: Haploid cells (n) Human egg cell(n=23) Human sperm cell(n=23) Somatic cells: Diploid (2n) Chromosome number in somatic cells of human being is 2n = 2 x 23 = 46 Here we have taken the example of animals particularly humans to understand the basics of cell division, the process is similar in plants also. In higher plants, meristematic cells divide by mitosis to form simple and complex permanent tissues. Microspore mother cells in the anther and megaspore mother cell present in the ovule of a flower 204

5 divide by meiosis to form haploid microspore and megaspore, respectively. Further development inside the microspores and megaspore leads to formation of male & female gametes respectively. Homologous Chromosomes Figure 3: Fertilisation of a haploid male and a female gamete helps to restore diploidy in the zygote When a haploid sperm (n) fertilises with a haploid ovum(n), it results in the formation of a diploid zygote(2n). The zygote thus receives one set of paternal(n) and one set of maternal chromosomes(n). These chromosomes are similar but not truly identical. Thus, for each paternal chromosome there is a homolog or similar maternal chromosome. Each of such a pair of similar chromosomes is called homologous chromosome. Each chromosome of a homologous pair carries same genes in the same order although their expression may vary. You will study in Chapter 10- Cell Cycle and Cell Division in class XI that in germ cells, homologous chromosomes pair up at the time of meiotic cell division. Zygote undergoes a special type of mitotic cell division resulting in the formation of diploid daughter cells. Try to recall the term used for this type of cell division from chapter 1 - How life begins? 205

6 Mitosis and Meiosis Each human somatic cell contains 23 pairs of chromosomes (2n) whereas each gamete in humans contains only 23 chromosomes (n). Try to analyse the fact that although all the cells in an organism are formed from the same zygote but still the somatic cells and gametes vary in the number of the sets of chromosomes possessed by them. Actually, it happens because of the two different types of cell division taking place in them. Somatic cells(2n) divide by the process of mitosis. Mitosis generally takes place when plants and animals need to make more cells for growth and repair. Mitosis is an equational division, resulting in the formation of two daughter cells(2n) which are genetically identical to the parent cell. The chromosome number in each daughter cell is equal to the number of chromosomes in the parent cell (2n).The daughter cells grow and behave as parent cell and enter another round of equational cell division and the process continues as the organism continues to grow. Thus, a human somatic cell (2n = 2 x 23) will divide to produce two daughter cells each having 23 pairs of chromosomes. Video link for mitosis - Diploid (2n) germ cells (also known as meiocytes)present in the testes of a male and ovary of a female animal divide by the process of meiosis to form haploid male and female gamete respectively (n).for example, in humans, germ cells in the testes of a male and germ cells in ovary of a female, each having 23 pairs of chromosomes will divide by meiosis to form sperm and ovum respectively, each having only

7 chromosomes respectively (n). Thus, meiosis is a reductional division. It has two main phases - Meiosis I and II. Meiosis also introduces variations in the next generation. Reductional division during gametogenesis is essential to restore diploid chromosome number in the next generation. What will happen if sperm and ovum are also diploid? Video link meiosis- Video link - mitosis vs. meiosis - Do you know that chromosome number is constant for a species? The number of chromosomes does not correlate with the apparent complexity of an organism. Chromosome number (2n) in some common organisms- Human (Homo sapiens) = 46, Gorilla gorilla= 48, Pea (Pisum sativum) = 14, Onion (Allium cepa) = 16 Types of cells Somatic cell (2n) Mitosis Germ cell(2n) Meiosis Somatic cell(2n) Somatic cell (2n) Gamete (n) Gamete (n) Gamete (n) Gamete (n) You will study the details of mitosis and meiosis in Chapter 10 - Cell cycle and Cell Division in Class XI. 207

8 DO IT YOURSELF 1. Identify the ploidy of the following cells: a. Zygote: b. Intestinal cells: c. Pollen mother cells: d. Ovum: 2. Which type of cell division will take place in the following cells: a. Pollen mother cells: b. Skin cells: c. Megaspore mother cells: d. Meristematic cells: 3. Write the chromosome number in the following cells: S. No. Name of organism Chromosome number in meiocyte Chromosome number in gamete A. Onion (Allium cepa) 16.. B. Human being (Homo sapiens) C. Fruitfly (Drosophila melanogaster) D. Rice (Oryza sativa).. 12 REFERENCES Reproduction.htm 208

Meiosis and Sexual Reproduction Chapter 11. Reproduction Section 1

Meiosis and Sexual Reproduction Chapter 11. Reproduction Section 1 Meiosis and Sexual Reproduction Chapter 11 Reproduction Section 1 Reproduction Key Idea: An individual formed by asexual reproduction is genetically identical to its parent. Asexual Reproduction In asexual

More information

Cell division and multiplication

Cell division and multiplication CELL DIVISION Cell division and multiplication As we already mentioned, the genetic information contained in the nucleus is hereditary Meaning it is passed on from cell to cell; from parent to child This

More information

Meiosis and Sexual Reproduction

Meiosis and Sexual Reproduction Note-taking Workbook Meiosis and Sexual Reproduction Section: Reproduction ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION Key Idea: An individual formed by asexual reproduction is to its parent. Additional notes about Asexual Reproduction:

More information

Binary fission occurs in prokaryotes. parent cell. DNA duplicates. cell begins to divide. daughter cells

Binary fission occurs in prokaryotes. parent cell. DNA duplicates. cell begins to divide. daughter cells Chapter 11 Chapter 11 Some eukaryotes reproduce through mitosis. Binary fission is similar in function to mitosis. Asexual reproduction is the creation of offspring from a single parent. Binary fission

More information

Unit 6 : Meiosis & Sexual Reproduction

Unit 6 : Meiosis & Sexual Reproduction Unit 6 : Meiosis & Sexual Reproduction 2006-2007 Cell division / Asexual reproduction Mitosis produce cells with same information identical daughter cells exact copies clones same number of chromosomes

More information

Purposes of Cell Division

Purposes of Cell Division Purposes of Cell Division Increase the number of cells for growth and repair of worn out tissues What examples in the human body can you think of? Transmit genetic information to later generations Why

More information

Lesson Overview Meiosis

Lesson Overview Meiosis 11.4 THINK ABOUT IT As geneticists in the early 1900s applied Mendel s laws, they wondered where genes might be located. They expected genes to be carried on structures inside the cell, but which structures?

More information

For a species to survive, it must REPRODUCE! Ch 13 NOTES Meiosis. Genetics Terminology: Homologous chromosomes

For a species to survive, it must REPRODUCE! Ch 13 NOTES Meiosis. Genetics Terminology: Homologous chromosomes For a species to survive, it must REPRODUCE! Ch 13 NOTES Meiosis Genetics Terminology: Autosomes Somatic cell Gamete Karyotype Homologous chromosomes Meiosis Sex chromosomes Diploid Haploid Zygote Synapsis

More information

9-4 Meiosis Meiosis. Slide 1 of 35

9-4 Meiosis Meiosis. Slide 1 of 35 9-4 Meiosis 11-4 Meiosis 1 of 35 11-4 Meiosis Each organism must inherit a single copy of every gene from each of its parents. Gametes are formed by a process that separates the two sets of genes so that

More information

Sexual Reproduction. The two parent cells needed for sexual reproduction are called gametes. They are formed during a process known as meiosis.

Sexual Reproduction. The two parent cells needed for sexual reproduction are called gametes. They are formed during a process known as meiosis. Sexual Reproduction Recall that asexual reproduction involves only one parent cell. This parent cell divides to produce two daughter cells that are genetically identical to the parent. Sexual reproduction,

More information

11-4 Meiosis Meiosis. Slide 1 of 35. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

11-4 Meiosis Meiosis. Slide 1 of 35. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 11-4 Meiosis 1 of 35 Each organism must inherit a single copy of every gene from each of its parents. Gametes are formed by a process that separates the two sets of genes so that each gamete ends up with

More information

What is mitosis? -Process in which a cell divides, creating TWO complete Sets of the original cell with the same EXACT genetic Material (DNA)

What is mitosis? -Process in which a cell divides, creating TWO complete Sets of the original cell with the same EXACT genetic Material (DNA) What is mitosis? -Process in which a cell divides, creating TWO complete Sets of the original cell with the same EXACT genetic Material (DNA) Cell Division Produces CLONES with the same # of chromosomes

More information

KEY CONCEPT Cells have distinct phases of growth, reproduction, and normal functions.

KEY CONCEPT Cells have distinct phases of growth, reproduction, and normal functions. 5.1 10.1 The Cell Cell Growth Cycle KEY CONCEPT Cells have distinct phases of growth, reproduction, and normal functions. 5.1 10.1 The Cell Cell Growth Cycle Why must cells divide? Growth and Repair -

More information

10.2 Sexual Reproduction and Meiosis

10.2 Sexual Reproduction and Meiosis 10.2 Sexual Reproduction and Meiosis There are thousands of different species of organisms. Each species produces more of its own. A species of bacteria splits to make two identical bacteria. A eucalyptus

More information

CELL DIVISION: MEIOSIS

CELL DIVISION: MEIOSIS CELL DIVISION: MEIOSIS How do Organisms Reproduce? Option 1: Asexual Reproduction Can be done by a single organism without the involvement of gametes (sperm or egg) Offspring are clones of the parent,

More information

Sexual Reproduction and Genetics

Sexual Reproduction and Genetics Sexual Reproduction and Genetics Mitosis is a form of asexual reproduction This means that it only requires 1 organism (ex. Skin cells dividing) For growth and repair in somatic (body) cells! Results

More information

Chapter 11 Meiosis and Sexual Reproduction

Chapter 11 Meiosis and Sexual Reproduction Chapter 11 Meiosis and Sexual S Section 1: S Gamete: Haploid reproductive cell that unites with another haploid reproductive cell to form a zygote. S Zygote: The cell that results from the fusion of gametes

More information

Meiosis. Activity. Procedure Part I:

Meiosis. Activity. Procedure Part I: Activity The purpose of meiosis, a cell division process, is to create gametes with genetic variability for use in sexual reproduction. These gametes, or the sperm and egg, are then used in the process

More information

Chapter 13. Meiosis & Sexual Reproduction. AP Biology

Chapter 13. Meiosis & Sexual Reproduction. AP Biology Chapter 13. Meiosis & Sexual Reproduction Cell division / Asexual reproduction Mitosis produce cells with same information identical daughter cells exact copies clones same amount of DNA same number of

More information

Cell Division: the process of copying and dividing entire cells The cell grows, prepares for division, and then divides to form new daughter cells.

Cell Division: the process of copying and dividing entire cells The cell grows, prepares for division, and then divides to form new daughter cells. Mitosis & Meiosis SC.912.L.16.17 Compare and contrast mitosis and meiosis and relate to the processes of sexual and asexual reproduction and their consequences for genetic variation. 1. Students will describe

More information

CH 13 Meiosis & Sexual Life Cycles

CH 13 Meiosis & Sexual Life Cycles CH 13 Meiosis & Sexual Life Cycles AP Biology 2005-2006 Cell division / Asexual reproduction Mitosis produce cells with same information identical daughter cells exact copies clones same amount of DNA

More information

Unit 2: Cellular Chemistry, Structure, and Physiology Module 5: Cellular Reproduction

Unit 2: Cellular Chemistry, Structure, and Physiology Module 5: Cellular Reproduction Unit 2: Cellular Chemistry, Structure, and Physiology Module 5: Cellular Reproduction NC Essential Standard: 1.2.2 Analyze how cells grow and reproduce in terms of interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis

More information

2. Which of the following are NOT prokaryotes? A) eubacteria B) archaea C) viruses D) ancient bacteria

2. Which of the following are NOT prokaryotes? A) eubacteria B) archaea C) viruses D) ancient bacteria 1. Which of the following statements is FALSE? A) Errors in chromosome separation are rarely a problem for an organism. B) Errors in chromosome separation can result in a miscarriage. C) Errors in chromosome

More information

Learning Objectives:

Learning Objectives: Review! Why is cell division important?! What are the different types of cell division?! What are these useful for?! What are the products?! What is a somatic cell?! What is a sex cell?! What is a haploid

More information

11-4 Meiosis Chromosome Number Slide 1 of 35

11-4 Meiosis Chromosome Number Slide 1 of 35 Each organism must inherit a single copy of every gene from each of its parents. Gametes are formed by a process that separates the two sets of genes so that each gamete ends up with just one set. Chromosome

More information

Meiosis & Sexual Life Cycle

Meiosis & Sexual Life Cycle Chapter 13. Meiosis & Sexual Life Cycle 1 Cell reproduction Mitosis produce cells with same information identical daughter cells exact copies (clones) same amount of DNA same number of chromosomes asexual

More information

Meiosis. Two distinct divisions, called meiosis I and meiosis II

Meiosis. Two distinct divisions, called meiosis I and meiosis II Meiosis A process in which the number of chromosomes per cell is cut in half through the separation of homologous chromosomes to form gametes, or sex cells Two distinct divisions, called meiosis I and

More information

biology Slide 1 of 35 End Show Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

biology Slide 1 of 35 End Show Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall biology 1 of 35 Do Now: Turn in mitosis worksheet Write down your homework http://www.richannel.org/collection s/2013/chromosome#/chromosome -2 http://www.richannel.org/collection s/2013/chromosome#/chromosome

More information

Mitosis & Meiosis. PPT Questions. 4. Why must each new cell get a complete copy of the original cell s DNA?

Mitosis & Meiosis. PPT Questions. 4. Why must each new cell get a complete copy of the original cell s DNA? 1. From where do new cells arise? Mitosis & Meiosis PPT Questions 2. Why does the body constantly make new cells? 3. Is cell division the same in all cells? Explain. 4. Why must each new cell get a complete

More information

Cellular Division. copyright cmassengale

Cellular Division. copyright cmassengale Cellular Division 1 Cell Division All cells are derived from pre- existing cells New cells are produced for growth and to replace damaged or old cells Differs in prokaryotes (bacteria) and eukaryotes (protists,

More information

What is Mitosis? What is the purpose of Mitosis? Growth Repair Asexual reproduction What is the ultimate result of Mitosis?

What is Mitosis? What is the purpose of Mitosis? Growth Repair Asexual reproduction What is the ultimate result of Mitosis? Sexual Reproduction What is Mitosis? What is the purpose of Mitosis? Growth Repair Asexual reproduction What is the ultimate result of Mitosis? http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1fyfdfdrymq Somatic cells

More information

Chapter 13: Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles Overview: Hereditary Similarity and Variation

Chapter 13: Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles Overview: Hereditary Similarity and Variation Chapter 13: Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles Overview: Hereditary Similarity and Variation Living organisms Are distinguished by their ability to reproduce their own kind Biology, 7 th Edition Neil Campbell

More information

1. CHROMOSOMES AND MEIOSIS

1. CHROMOSOMES AND MEIOSIS Meiosis and Mendel Answer Key SECTION 1. CHROMOSOMES AND MEIOSIS 1. somatic/body cells; germ cells/gametes 2. in the reproductive organs; ovaries and testes 3. 46 4. mother 5. father 6. autosomes 7. X

More information

11/18/2016. Meiosis. Dr. Bertolotti. How is meiosis different from mitosis?

11/18/2016. Meiosis. Dr. Bertolotti. How is meiosis different from mitosis? Meiosis Dr. Bertolotti How is meiosis different from mitosis? 1 3 Types of Cell Division 1. Binary fission- cell division in prokaryotes 2. Cell Cycle (with Mitosis)- cell division in eukaryotes to form

More information

CHAPTER 3 VOCABULARY (for now)

CHAPTER 3 VOCABULARY (for now) 3.1 Meiosis CHAPTER 3 VOCABULARY (for now) VOCABULARY WORD VOCABULARY WORD diploid number Independent assortment haploid number gametes homologous chromosomes zygote genetic diversity Crossing over Sexual

More information

MEIOSIS CELL DIVISION Chapter

MEIOSIS CELL DIVISION Chapter Section 6.1: Meiosis MEIOSIS CELL DIVISION Chapter 6.1 6.2 WHAT DETERMINES WHAT YOU LOOK LIKE? Meiosis Animation Meiosis creates 4 genetically different gametes (haploid) Mitosis creates 2 identical daughter

More information

Biology Kevin Dees. Chapter 13 Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles

Biology Kevin Dees. Chapter 13 Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles Chapter 13 Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles Reproduction Characteristic of all living things Reproduction also involves the transmission of traits from one generation to the next; inheritance Heredity Latin

More information

Chapter 13 Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles. Reproduction

Chapter 13 Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles. Reproduction Chapter 13 Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles Reproduction Characteristic of all living things Reproduction also involves the transmission of traits from one generation to the next; inheritance Heredity Latin

More information

X-Sheet 3 Cell Division: Mitosis and Meiosis

X-Sheet 3 Cell Division: Mitosis and Meiosis X-Sheet 3 Cell Division: Mitosis and Meiosis 13 Key Concepts In this session we will focus on summarising what you need to know about: Revise Mitosis (Grade 11), the process of meiosis, First Meiotic division,

More information

MEIOSIS, THE BASIS OF SEXUAL REPRODUCTION

MEIOSIS, THE BASIS OF SEXUAL REPRODUCTION MEIOSIS, THE BASIS OF SEXUAL REPRODUCTION Why do kids look different from the parents? How are they similar to their parents? Why aren t brothers or sisters more alike? Meiosis A process where the number

More information

LAB 8 EUKARYOTIC CELL DIVISION: MITOSIS AND MEIOSIS

LAB 8 EUKARYOTIC CELL DIVISION: MITOSIS AND MEIOSIS LAB 8 EUKARYOTIC CELL DIVISION: MITOSIS AND MEIOSIS Name: Date: INTRODUCTION BINARY FISSION: Prokaryotic cells (bacteria) reproduce asexually by binary fission. Bacterial cells have a single circular chromosome,

More information

The Cell Cycle. The Basis for Heritability: Mitosis and Meiosis. Let s start with a banana.

The Cell Cycle. The Basis for Heritability: Mitosis and Meiosis. Let s start with a banana. The Basis for Heritability: Mitosis and Meiosis Ch. 11: 222-223, 227-231 Ch. 12: less emphasis on 249-50 I. Overview A. What Darwin didn t know B. Getting cells from cells II. Mitosis A. The bottom line

More information

#2 How do organisms grow?

#2 How do organisms grow? #2 How do organisms grow? Why doesn t a cell keep growing larger and larger? The larger a cell becomes the more demands the cell places on its DNA. The cell also has trouble moving enough nutrients and

More information

SEXUAL REPRODUCTION & MEIOSIS

SEXUAL REPRODUCTION & MEIOSIS SEXUAL REPRODUCTION & MEIOSIS Living organisms are distinguished by their ability to reproduce their own kind. Offspring resemble their parents more than they do less closely related individuals of the

More information

Meiosis and Sexual Reproduction

Meiosis and Sexual Reproduction Meiosis and Sexual Reproduction Asexual Reproduction Single parent produces offspring All offspring are genetically identical to one another and to parent Produces identical somatic (body) cells Sexual

More information

Mitosis, development, regeneration and cell differentiation

Mitosis, development, regeneration and cell differentiation Mitosis, development, regeneration and cell differentiation Mitosis is a type of cell division by binary fission (splitting in two) which occurs in certain eukaryotic cells. Mitosis generates new body

More information

Chapter 11 - Concept Mapping

Chapter 11 - Concept Mapping Chapter 11 - Concept Mapping Using the terms and phrases provided below, complete the concept map showing the process of meiosis. chromatids crossing-over haploid sperm and ovum homologous chromosomes

More information

Q1. The diagram shows some of the cell divisions that occur during human reproduction.

Q1. The diagram shows some of the cell divisions that occur during human reproduction. Q. The diagram shows some of the cell divisions that occur during human reproduction. (a) (i) Name the type of cell division that produces cell D from cell B. () Which organ in the male body produces cell

More information

THINK ABOUT IT. Lesson Overview. Meiosis. As geneticists in the early 1900s applied Mendel s laws, they wondered where genes might be located.

THINK ABOUT IT. Lesson Overview. Meiosis. As geneticists in the early 1900s applied Mendel s laws, they wondered where genes might be located. Notes THINK ABOUT IT As geneticists in the early 1900s applied Mendel s laws, they wondered where genes might be located. They expected genes to be carried on structures inside the cell, but which structures?

More information

Chapter 2 Lecture. Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Chapter 2 Lecture. Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 2 Lecture Mitosis Click to and edit Meiosis Master tit Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. 2.1 Cell Structure Is Closely Tied to Genetic Function Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Copyright

More information

MEIOSIS C H A P T E R 1 3

MEIOSIS C H A P T E R 1 3 MEIOSIS CHAPTER 13 CENTRAL DOGMA OF BIOLOGY DNA RNA Protein OFFSPRING ACQUIRE GENES FROM PARENTS Genes are segments of DNA that program specific traits. Genetic info is transmitted as specific sequences

More information

1. If a eukaryotic cell has a single set of chromosomes, it is called A. haploid B. diploid C. polypoid

1. If a eukaryotic cell has a single set of chromosomes, it is called A. haploid B. diploid C. polypoid Reproduction 1. If a eukaryotic cell has a single set of chromosomes, it is called A. haploid B. diploid C. polypoid 2. Which of the following cell functions are maintained by cell division? A. growth,

More information

4/6/2014. Chromosome Number

4/6/2014. Chromosome Number Meiosis 1of 35 Each organism must inherit a single copy of every gene from each of its parents. Gametes are formed by a process that separates the two sets of genes so that each gamete ends up with just

More information

QQ 10/5/18 Copy the following into notebook:

QQ 10/5/18 Copy the following into notebook: Chapter 13- Meiosis QQ 10/5/18 Copy the following into notebook: Similarities: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Differences: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Figure 13.1 Living organisms are distinguished by their ability to reproduce their

More information

2. Next, try to describe the cell cycle as follows: interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis

2. Next, try to describe the cell cycle as follows: interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis 1. First, tell me something exciting you did over spring break! 2. Next, try to describe the cell cycle as follows: interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis *Reminder*-Thursday

More information

5.3 Reproduction and Meiosis

5.3 Reproduction and Meiosis 5.3 Reproduction and Meiosis Lesson Objectives Compare and contrast asexual and sexual reproduction. Give an overview of sexual reproduction, and outline the phases of meiosis. Explain why sexual reproduction

More information

Why do cells divide? Why do cells divide? What would happen if they didn t?

Why do cells divide? Why do cells divide? What would happen if they didn t? 1 of 41 Boardworks Ltd 2007 2 of 41 Boardworks Ltd 2007 Why do cells divide? 3 of 41 Boardworks Ltd 2007 Why do cells divide? What would happen if they didn t? Organisms would only ever exist as single

More information

Topic 8 Mitosis & Meiosis Ch.12 & 13. The Eukaryotic Genome. The Eukaryotic Genome. The Eukaryotic Genome

Topic 8 Mitosis & Meiosis Ch.12 & 13. The Eukaryotic Genome. The Eukaryotic Genome. The Eukaryotic Genome Topic 8 Mitosis & Meiosis Ch.12 & 13 The Eukaryotic Genome pp. 244-245,268-269 Genome All of the genes in a cell. Eukaryotic cells contain their DNA in long linear pieces. In prokaryotic cells, there is

More information

CHAPTER 13 MEIOSIS AND SEXUAL LIFE CYCLES. Section A: An Introduction to Heredity

CHAPTER 13 MEIOSIS AND SEXUAL LIFE CYCLES. Section A: An Introduction to Heredity CHAPTER 13 MEIOSIS AND SEXUAL LIFE CYCLES Section A: An Introduction to Heredity 1. Offspring acquire genes from parents by inheriting chromosomes 2. Like begets like, more or less: a comparison of asexual

More information

Meiosis. Two distinct divisions, called meiosis I and meiosis II

Meiosis. Two distinct divisions, called meiosis I and meiosis II Meiosis A process in which the number of chromosomes per cell is cut in half through the separation of homologous chromosomes to form gametes, or sex cells Two distinct divisions, called meiosis I and

More information

GENES, ALLELES, AND CHROMOSOMES All living things carry their genetic information in DNA Sections of DNA with instructions for making proteins are

GENES, ALLELES, AND CHROMOSOMES All living things carry their genetic information in DNA Sections of DNA with instructions for making proteins are GENES, ALLELES, AND CHROMOSOMES All living things carry their genetic information in DNA Sections of DNA with instructions for making proteins are called genes DNA coils up to form structures called chromosomes

More information

Learning Objectives LO 3.7 The student can make predictions about natural phenomena occurring during the cell cycle. [See SP 6.4]

Learning Objectives LO 3.7 The student can make predictions about natural phenomena occurring during the cell cycle. [See SP 6.4] Big Ideas 3.A.2: In eukaryotes, heritable information is passed to the next generation via processes that include the cell cycle and mitosis or meiosis plus fertilization. CHAPTER 13 MEIOSIS AND SEXUAL

More information

Sexual Reproduction ( Cell Division ) - Chromosome # s

Sexual Reproduction ( Cell Division ) - Chromosome # s Sexual Reproduction ( Cell Division ) - Chromosome # s somatic cells: all the cells in the body except for specialized sex cells each somatic cell has a specific # of chromosomes - ( humans have 46, 23

More information

Sexual Reproduction and Meiosis. Chapter 11

Sexual Reproduction and Meiosis. Chapter 11 Sexual Reproduction and Meiosis Chapter 11 1 Sexual life cycle Made up of meiosis and fertilization Diploid cells Somatic cells of adults have 2 sets of chromosomes Haploid cells Gametes (egg and sperm)

More information

Biology. Chapter 12. Meiosis and Sexual Reproduction. Concepts and Applications 9e Starr Evers Starr. Cengage Learning 2015

Biology. Chapter 12. Meiosis and Sexual Reproduction. Concepts and Applications 9e Starr Evers Starr. Cengage Learning 2015 Biology Concepts and Applications 9e Starr Evers Starr Chapter 12 Meiosis and Sexual Reproduction 12.1 Why Sex? In asexual reproduction, a single individual gives rise to offspring that are identical to

More information

Dr. Ramesh U4L3 Meiosis

Dr. Ramesh U4L3 Meiosis Dr. Ramesh U4L3 Meiosis The Cell Cycle and Cell Division: MEIOSIS The Cell Cycle and Cell Division KEY CONCEPT: Meiosis Halves the Nuclear Chromosome Content and Generates Diversity Organisms have two

More information

Lesson Overview Meiosis

Lesson Overview Meiosis 11.4 As geneticists in the early 1900s applied Mendel s laws, they wondered where genes might be located. They expected genes to be carried on structures inside the cell, but which structures? What cellular

More information

Reproduction & Cell Types

Reproduction & Cell Types Reproduction & Cell Types TYPES OF REPRODUCTION Asexual Relies on MITOSIS All of the parent s DNA goes to the offspring Sexual Relies on MEIOSIS Used to create sex cells TYPES OF CELLS Body Cells Includes

More information

Intitial Question: How can the mathematically impossible become the biologically possiblenamely,

Intitial Question: How can the mathematically impossible become the biologically possiblenamely, Intitial Question: How can the mathematically impossible become the biologically possiblenamely, a cell with 46 chromosomes splits to form tow cells each with 46 chromosomes/ This means 46 divided by 2

More information

MEIOSIS DR. A. TARAB DEPT. OF BIOCHEMISTRY HKMU

MEIOSIS DR. A. TARAB DEPT. OF BIOCHEMISTRY HKMU MEIOSIS DR. A. TARAB DEPT. OF BIOCHEMISTRY HKMU Meiosis is a special type of cell division necessary for sexual reproduction in eukaryotes such as animals, plants and fungi The number of sets of chromosomes

More information

CELL REPRODUCTION. Unit 20 LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

CELL REPRODUCTION. Unit 20 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Unit 20 CELL REPRODUCTION LEARNING OBJECTIVES: 1. Be able to distinguish the differences between mitotic and meiotic cell division. 2. Learn the role that both mitotic and meiotic types of cell division

More information

Ladies and Gentlemen.. The King of Rock and Roll

Ladies and Gentlemen.. The King of Rock and Roll Ladies and Gentlemen.. The King of Rock and Roll Learning Objectives: The student is able to construct an explanation, using visual representations or narratives, as to how DNA in chromosomes is transmitted

More information

Lesson Overview 11.4 Meiosis

Lesson Overview 11.4 Meiosis Lesson Overview 11.4 Meiosis THINK ABOUT IT As geneticists in the early 1900s applied Mendel s laws, they wondered where genes might be located. They expected genes to be carried on structures inside the

More information

Meiosis & Sexual Reproduction (Ch. 13)

Meiosis & Sexual Reproduction (Ch. 13) Meiosis & Sexual Reproduction (Ch. 13) Cell division / Asexual reproduction Mitosis produce cells with same information identical daughter cells exact copies clones same amount of DNA same number of chromosomes

More information

Ch. 13 Meiosis & Sexual Life Cycles

Ch. 13 Meiosis & Sexual Life Cycles Introduction Ch. 13 Meiosis & Sexual Life Cycles 2004-05 Living organisms are distinguished by their ability to reproduce their own kind. -Offspring resemble their parents more than they do less closely

More information

Sexual and Asexual Reproduction. Cell Reproduction TEST Friday, 11/13

Sexual and Asexual Reproduction. Cell Reproduction TEST Friday, 11/13 Sexual and Asexual Reproduction Cell Reproduction TEST Friday, 11/13 How many chromosomes do humans have? What are Chromosomes? How many chromosomes came from your mom? How many chromosomes came from your

More information

= Sexual Reproduction. 2 Types of Reproduction. Key Terms Gonads- sex organs (testes, ovaries) Sexual Reproduction. What is Meiosis?

= Sexual Reproduction. 2 Types of Reproduction. Key Terms Gonads- sex organs (testes, ovaries) Sexual Reproduction. What is Meiosis? Sexual And Meiosis 2 Types of Asexual Sexual Sexual Increases survival for both plants and animals by passing genetic material within generations. Creates VARIETY in a species by the reassortment (mixing)

More information

Meiosis & Sexual Reproduction (Ch. 11)

Meiosis & Sexual Reproduction (Ch. 11) Meiosis & Sexual Reproduction (Ch. 11) Cell division / Asexual reproduction Mitosis produce cells with same information identical daughter cells exact copies clones same DNA Aaaargh! I m seeing double!

More information

Mitosis and. Meiosis. Presented by Kesler Science

Mitosis and. Meiosis. Presented by Kesler Science Mitosis and Meiosis Presented by Kesler Science Essential Questions: 1. What are mitosis and meiosis? 2. What occurs at different phases in cell division? 3. How are mitosis and meiosis similar and different?

More information

Meiosis & Sexual Reproduction. AP Biology 2/27/15

Meiosis & Sexual Reproduction. AP Biology 2/27/15 Meiosis & Sexual Reproduction 2/27/15 Cell division / Asexual reproduction Mitosis u produce cells with same information identical daughter cells u exact copies clones u same amount of DNA same number

More information

Cell Reproduction Mitosis & Meiosis

Cell Reproduction Mitosis & Meiosis Cell Reproduction Mitosis & Meiosis Outcomes 1. Describe mitosis in detail (460-465) interphase, mitosis and cytokinesis (the cell cycle) explain the importance of maintaining chromosome number through

More information

Cell division / Asexual reproduction

Cell division / Asexual reproduction Cell division / Asexual reproduction Mitosis produces cells with same information identical daughter cells exact copies clones same amount of DNA same number of chromosomes same genetic information Asexual

More information

Cell Division: Mitosis and Meiosis

Cell Division: Mitosis and Meiosis Cell Division: Mitosis and Meiosis Omnis cellula e cellula Cell Div. In Eukaryotic cells Chromosome structure Biparental inheritance and diploidy Mitosis: Karyokinesis and cytokinesis 5 stages: PPMAT Regulating

More information

Chapter 13: Meiosis & Sexual Life Cycles

Chapter 13: Meiosis & Sexual Life Cycles Chapter 13: Meiosis & Sexual Life Cycles What you must know The difference between asexual and sexual reproduction. The role of meiosis and fertilization in sexually reproducing organisms. The importance

More information

Chapter 6: Cell Growth and Reproduction Lesson 6.3: Meiosis and Reproduction

Chapter 6: Cell Growth and Reproduction Lesson 6.3: Meiosis and Reproduction Chapter 6: Cell Growth and Reproduction Lesson 6.3: Meiosis and Reproduction One parent or two? That is the main difference between sexual and asexual reproduction. Sexual reproduction just means combining

More information

Biology, 7e (Campbell) Chapter 13: Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles

Biology, 7e (Campbell) Chapter 13: Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles Biology, 7e (Campbell) Chapter 13: Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles Chapter Questions 1) What is a genome? A) the complete complement of an organism's genes B) a specific sequence of polypeptides within

More information

BIOLOGY 111. CHAPTER 5: Chromosomes and Inheritance

BIOLOGY 111. CHAPTER 5: Chromosomes and Inheritance BIOLOGY 111 CHAPTER 5: Chromosomes and Inheritance Chromosomes and Inheritance Learning Outcomes 5.1 Differentiate between sexual and asexual reproduction in terms of the genetic variation of the offspring.

More information

Mitosis. Meiosis MP3. Why do cells divide? Why Do Cells Need To Divide? Vocab List Chapter 10 & 11. What has to happen before a cell divides? divides?

Mitosis. Meiosis MP3. Why do cells divide? Why Do Cells Need To Divide? Vocab List Chapter 10 & 11. What has to happen before a cell divides? divides? MP3 Vocab List Chapter 10 & 11 Mitosis Anaphase Mitosis Cell Cycle Telophase Cytokinesis Cell Division Metaphase 4 Daughter Cells Prophase Meiosis Diploid Somatic Cells Interphase Haploid Parent Cell Gametes

More information

Chapter 13: Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles

Chapter 13: Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles Name: AP Biology Chapter 13: Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles 13.1 Offspring acquire genes from parents by inheriting chromosomes 1. Define the following terms: gene locus gamete male gamete female gamete

More information

Genetics Essentials Concepts and Connections 3rd Edition by Benjamin A Pierce Test Bank

Genetics Essentials Concepts and Connections 3rd Edition by Benjamin A Pierce Test Bank Genetics Essentials Concepts and Connections 3rd Edition by Benjamin A Pierce Test Bank Which of the following statements is FALSE? A) Errors in chromosome separation are rarely a problem for an organism.

More information

Meiosis and Life Cycles - 1

Meiosis and Life Cycles - 1 Meiosis and Life Cycles - 1 We have just finished looking at the process of mitosis, a process that produces cells genetically identical to the original cell. Mitosis ensures that each cell of an organism

More information

CELL REPRODUCTION NOTES

CELL REPRODUCTION NOTES CELL REPRODUCTION NOTES CELL GROWTH AND DIVISION The adult human body produces roughly cells every day. WHY DO CELLS REPRODUCE? So that the organism can and As multicellular organisms grow larger, its

More information

Meiosis & Sexual Reproduction. AP Biology

Meiosis & Sexual Reproduction. AP Biology Meiosis & Sexual Reproduction Cell division / Asexual reproduction! Mitosis " produce cells with same information! identical daughter cells " exact copies! clones " same amount of DNA! same number of chromosomes!

More information

Warm-Up Questions. 1. What are the stages of mitosis in order? 2. The diagram represents a cell process.

Warm-Up Questions. 1. What are the stages of mitosis in order? 2. The diagram represents a cell process. Warm-Up Questions 1. What are the stages of mitosis in order? 2. The diagram represents a cell process. Which statement regarding this process is true? A. Cell B contains the same genetic information that

More information

THE PROCESS OF LIVING THINGS CREATING OFFSPRING.

THE PROCESS OF LIVING THINGS CREATING OFFSPRING. REPRODUCTION 1 THE PROCESS OF LIVING THINGS CREATING OFFSPRING. Offspring are the next generation. It happens on multiple levels for multicellular organisms 2 SPECIES SURVIVAL Think back to 7th grade Organisms

More information

Mitosis and Meiosis. 2. The distribution of chromosomes in one type of cell division is shown in the diagram below.

Mitosis and Meiosis. 2. The distribution of chromosomes in one type of cell division is shown in the diagram below. Name: Date: 1. Jack bought a small turtle. Three months later, the turtle had grown to twice its original size. Which of the following statements best describes why Jack s turtle got bigger? A. Parts of

More information

Overview. Overview: Variations on a Theme. Offspring acquire genes from parents by inheriting chromosomes. Inheritance of Genes

Overview. Overview: Variations on a Theme. Offspring acquire genes from parents by inheriting chromosomes. Inheritance of Genes Chapter 13 Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles Overview I. Cell Types II. Meiosis I. Meiosis I II. Meiosis II III. Genetic Variation IV. Reproduction Overview: Variations on a Theme Figure 13.1 Living organisms

More information

Chapter 13 Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles

Chapter 13 Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles Chapter 13 Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles Question? Does Like really beget Like? The offspring will resemble the parents, but they may not be exactly like them. This chapter deals with reproduction of

More information

Meiosis & Sexual Reproduction

Meiosis & Sexual Reproduction Meiosis & Sexual Reproduction 2007-2008 Cell division / Asexual reproduction Mitosis produce cells with same information identical daughter cells exact copies clones same amount of DNA same number of chromosomes

More information

You have body cells and gametes Body cells are known as somatic cells. Germ cells develop into gametes or sex cells. Germ cells are located in the

You have body cells and gametes Body cells are known as somatic cells. Germ cells develop into gametes or sex cells. Germ cells are located in the MEIOSIS You have body cells and gametes Body cells are known as somatic cells. Germ cells develop into gametes or sex cells. Germ cells are located in the ovaries and testes. Gametes are sex cells: egg

More information