of!life!that!!on!the!planet.!!organisms!buried!!in!!rock!are!preserved!as!fossils.!

Transcription

1 HistoryandOrganizationofBiologicalDiversity Section14.1FossilEvidenceofChange Vocabulary:Definethefollowingterms: MainIdea RockscannotprovideinformationabouttheEarth s buttheyareanimportantsourceofinformationaboutthe oflifethat ontheplanet.organismsburied in rockarepreservedasfossils. Identifysixtypesofmaterialsinwhichfossilsarefound Listthefourstepstofossilization:

2 3 Comparerelativeandradiometricdatingbyprovidingthreefactsabouteach, usingthetablebelow. RelativeDating RadiometricDating Analyzethegraphabove: 1. PercentoftheoriginalmaterialisleftafteronehalfIlife 2. PercentoftheoriginalmaterialisleftaftertwohalfIlives 3. PercentoftheoriginalmaterialisleftafterthreehalfIlives 4. PercentoftheoriginalmaterialisleftafterfourhalfIlives HistoryandOrganizationofBiologicalDiversity Section14.2OriginofLife Objectives3@5 Vocabulary:Definethefollowingterms: spontaneousgeneration@ theoryofbiogenesis@ endosymbionttheory@

3 MainIdea IllustrateRedi sexperimentthatdisprovedspontaneousgeneration. ComparespontaneousgenerationandbiogenesisintheVenndiagram. ModelOparin sprimordialsouphypothesisfortheformationofsimple organicmoleculesbycompletingthegraphicorganizer. Startedchemical reactionsofgases intheearly atmosphere DiscusstheimportanceoftheworkbyMillerandUreyandSydneyFox Identifyfourrequirementsforlifeusingtheconceptmapbelow. RequirementsforLife 5 6

4 MainIdea SequencehowO2accumulatedintheatmosphereitsaffectonlife Identifythreepropertiesthatmitochondriaandchloroplastssharewith prokaryotes Analyzetheendosymbionttheoryintheevolutionofplantcellsby completingthesequencechart bacteria evolvedinto mitochondria Summarizethesequenceofhypothesizedeventsthatleadfromalifeless Earthtothepresenceofaeukaryoticcell HistoryandOrganizationofBiologicalDiversity Section15.1Darwin stheoryofnaturalselection Definethefollowingterms: 7 8

5 9 MainIdea Summarize3observationsDarwinmadeinhisresearchontheSouth Americanmainland Identify3organismsfromtheGalapagosIslandsandtheirdistinguishing characteristics. Organism Variation AnalyzeDarwin shypothesisontheoriginofgalapagosfinchesbyfillingin theflowchart. Finchesmigrate fromsouth Americatothe Galapogosislands. 10 Summarize3observationsDarwinmadeinhisresearchwithpigeons Identifythefourprinciplesofnaturalselection Summarizenaturalselectionbycompletingthesentences. Natural Selection Organismswith traitsareableto andpasstheirtraitsontotheir,whothenreproduce. Thosewithoutsuchfavorabletraitsare morelikelyto beforereproducing.

6 HistoryandOrganizationofBiologicalDiversity Section15.2EvidenceofEvolution NewVocabulary:Useyourbooktowritethecorrectvocabulary termforeachblank MainIdea Summarizetherleanatomyplaysintheteachingusaboutevolution. Structure Whatisit? Example Homologous Structure Analogous Structure Vestigial Structure Embryo 11 12

7 Identifywaysscientistsinterpretrelationshipsamongspecies. Scientists combine datafrom Tointerpret relationships amongspecies MainIdea ComparesimilaritiesanddifferencesbetweenadaptationsandnonI adaptations.giveanexampleofeach. Characteristic Adaptations Inheritedtraits yes yes Increasesurvivalor Reproduction ByIproductsarising fromother evolutionarychanges Example ApplyGiveexamplesofhowanimalsusecamouflageandmimicryinorderto protectthemselves.useexamplesnotfoundinyourbook Camouflage Mimicry Structural Adaptations Analyzehowantibioticscanlosetheireffectivenessovertime. Summarizewhyfossilsareimportanttoolsinunderstandingevolution

8 15 HistoryandOrganizationofBiologicalDiversity Section15.3ShapingEvolutionaryTheory NewVocabulary:Useyourbooktowritethecorrectvocabulary termforeachblank. prezygoticisolatingmechanism MainIdea Sequencethestepsassociatedwithgeneticequilibrium. makeupa ata certain whichovertime resultsin.

9 Identifythreewaysthegeneticequilibriumcanbedisrupted MainIdea ReproductiveIsolationPage437) Contrastgeographicisolationandreproductiveisolation. Comparenaturalselectionandsexualselectionbycompletingthetable. SpeciesChanges IncreasesFitness? Basedon NaturalSelection SexualSelection MainIdea SpeciationPage438) Compareallopatricandsympatricspeciation. MainIdea Labeleachmodelasrepresentingdivergentorconvergentevolution. SpeciesA SpeciesX SpeciesY SpeciesB SpeciesC Sharesimilartraits Summarizethetwoideasconcerningtherateofspeciation. Gradualism Punctualism 17 18

10 19 HistoryandOrganizationofBiologicalDiversity Section17.1TheHistoryofClassification NewVocabulary:Useyourbooktowritethecorrectvocabulary termforeachblank ClassifyyourvocabularytermsasbeingpartofLinnaeus twoiwordnaming systemorataxonomicgroup.donotusetermsmarkedwitha*. Linnaeus System TaxonomicGroup

11 MainIdea IdentifythepartsofLinnaeus twoiwordnamingsystembycompletingthe graphicorganizerbelow. firstword whichisa identifiesa Binomial Nomenclature secondword iscalledthe whichoften describes Distinguishthegenusandspecificname,orepithet,forthespeciesnameof modernhumans. Genus Specific epithet MainIdea TaxonomicCategories Comparethedatetodeterminewhichorganismsarecloselyrelated. ClassificationofSelectedMammals Kingdom Animalia Animalia Animalia Animalia Phylum Chordata Chordata Chordata Chordata Class Mammalia Mammalia Mammalia Mammalia Order Cetacea Carnivora Carnivora Carnivora Family Mystceti Felidae Canidae Canidae Genus Balenopora Felis Canis Canis Species B.physalis F.catus C.latrans C.lupus Common Name BlueWhale Domestic cat Coyote wolf Sequencethetaxainorderfrommostspecifictoleastspecific. Analyzethefigureoftaxonomicgroups,thenidentifytheclassificationfor humans. Domain: Kingdom: Phylum: Class: MainIdea SystematicsApplicationsPage489) Summarizehowadichotomouskeyworks. Explainwhyanamelikeseahorseisnotagoodscientificname.Analyzewhy scientificnamesarebetter

12 HistoryandOrganizationofBiologicalDiversity Section17.2ModernClassification NewVocabulary:Useyourbooktowritethecorrectvocabulary termforeachblank. MainIdea Comparethefourconceptsthatbiologistshavedusedorareusingtoclassify organisms. Concept BasisofClassification Limitations Typological Doesnotaccountfor variationsinspeciesorthe factthatspecieschangeover time Groupoforganismsthat caninterbreedina naturalsettingandhave fertileoffspring Evolutionary speciesconcept Unknownevoultionary historiesforsomespecies 23 24

13 MainIdea Identifyandgiveexamplesofthetwotypesofcharactersintheconceptmap. Characters: MorphologicalCharacters: BiochemicalCharacters: Example: Example: Example: Example: MainIdea Describecladogramsbycompletingtheparagraph A isabranchingdiagramthatrepresentstheproposed orevolutionofa orgroup.thegroupsused inthecladogramscarecalled.todevelopacladogram, charactersareidentified.thenthe of variousspeciesisidentifiedbasedontheabsenceorpresenceofthederived charactersinthe.inmakingacladogram, assumethatgroupsthat morederivedcharactershaveamore ancestor. UNIT SUMMARY: A. Evidence of Common Ancestry and Diversity 1. Biological evolution, the process by which all living things have evolved over many generations from shared ancestors, explains both the unity and diversity of species. The unity is illustrated by the similarities found in species; which can be explained by the inheritance of similar characteristics from related ancestors. The diversity is also consistent with common ancestry: it is explained by the branching and diversification of lineages as populations adapted, primarily through natural selection, to local circumstances. 2. Evidence for common ancestry can be found in the fossil record, from comparative anatomy and embryology, from the similarity in cellular processes and structures, and from comparisons of DNA sequences between species. 3. The understanding of evolutionary relationships has recently been greatly accelerated by using new molecular tools to study developmental biology, with researchers dissecting the genetic basis for some changes see in the fossil record. B. Natural Selection 1. Natural selection occurs only if there is both 1) variation in the genetic information between organisms in a population and 2) variation in the expression of that genetic information that is trait variation- leads to differences in performance among individuals. 2. If the trait differences do not affect reproductive success, then natural selection will not favor one trait over the others. The traits that positively affect survival are more likely to be produced and thus are more common in the population. C. Adaptation 1. Natural selection is the result of four factors: 1) the potential for a species to increase in number, 2) the genetic variation of individuals in a species due to mutation and sexual reproduction, 3) competition for an environment s limited supply of the resources that individuals need to survive and reproduce, and 4) the ensuing proliferation of those organisms that are better able to survive and reproduce in that environment. 2. Natural selection leads to adaptation that is, to a population dominated by organisms that are anatomically, behaviorally, and physiologically well suited to survive and reproduce in a specific environment. 3. Adaptive changes due to natural selection, as well as the net result of speciation minus extinction, have strongly contributed to the planet s biodiversity. 4. Adaptation also means that the distribution of traits in a population can change when conditions change. a. Changes in the physical environment, whether naturally occurring or human induced, have contributed to the expansion of some species, the emergence of new distinct species as populations diverge under different conditions, and the decline - and sometimes the extinction of some species. b. Extinction occurs because species can no longer survive and reproduce in an altered environment. If members cannot adjust to change that is too fast or too drastic, the opportunity for the species evolution is lost