Evaluation of the Diet of Odontomachus spp. on the Island of Dominica
|
|
- Beryl Poole
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Evaluation of the Diet of Odontomachus spp. on the Island of Dominica Samuel Ryan Shook Texas A&M University June 2017
2 1 Abstract: In 2015, a second species of ant in the genus Odontomachus, O. ruginodis, was discovered to be living on the island of Dominica alongside the originally known species O. bauri. Both are highly predatory species known for developing close associations with and preying on termite nests, although their dietary preferences outside of that are relatively unknown. The purpose of this study was to catalogue the prey intake of O. bauri and O. ruginodis nests under different conditions, so that that data can be used to examine aspects of the life history of each species, and compare the two. The prey taken by foragers was recorded by observation of foragers returning to the nest, either identifying it as the worker carried it in or retrieving it from the worker for later identification. It was found that colonies of either species that were associated with termite nests took termites as prey to the exclusion of all other insects, but species living away from them acted as generalist predators and scavengers focusing on soft-bodied arthropods. Introduction: Odontomachus is a pantropical genus of ants in the subfamily Ponerinae, commonly called Trap-jaw ants. They are large ants, with their most notable feature being their large mandibles, which can be opened wide and then locked into place (Fowler 1980). Upon encountering a prey item, the mandibles are unhooked, and swing forward at high speeds to stun or latch onto prey, the eponymous trap jaw (Dejean and Bashingwa 1985). Until recently, it was thought that the only species in the genus on the island of Dominica was Odontomachus bauri. However, in 2015 Andrew Graf discovered a nest of Odontomachus ruginodis, a similar species to O. bauri (Graf 2015). Both are ground-dwelling species, which are often found in close association with termite nests (Graf 2015). While a number of studies have been done on the association of trap-jaw ants in the genus Odontomachus and termites, including their habit of preying on them, little has been done with their predation of other groups of insects. They are known to take prey other than termites, although the diversity of prey has not been extensively investigated, and were noted in one study as regularly scavenging, although this was observed only rarely by other studies (Holldobler and Ehmer 1995, Camargo and Oliveira 2012). This leaves room for both confirmation of what has already been observed, and further exploration of facets of the lives of the ants of both species that have not been studied in detail. The purpose of this study is to examine the diet breadth of nests of Odontomachus bauri and Odontomachus ruginodis on the
3 2 island of Dominica, cataloguing the types of insect prey being brought in by foragers, the number of each type of prey, and if possible whether the prey was captured live or scavenged. The differences in prey between nests can then be compared, examining differences in preference between O. bauri and O. ruginodis, between nests in different habitats, and between nests that are associated with termites or free living. Materials and Methods: Data collection was performed from May 27 th to June 8 th, 2017, on the island of Dominica in the West Indies. For each nest, the GPS coordinates (taken either with a Garmin 78 GPS or the app MotionX-GPS), date of collection, species, and location of the nest in the environment was noted. Data were collected by observing a nest until a forager returned with prey. Once a laden forager was spotted, the prey was either removed from the forager s mandibles with forceps or the prey and forager were collected with an aspirator. If the prey item couldn t be recovered, but was definitively identified while the forager was carrying it, then it would also be recorded. Six nests were collected from, as follows: Nest 1: Roseau Botanical Gardens, under a termitarium, O. bauri N W Nest 2: Roseau Botanical Gardens, under the roots of a tree, O. ruginodis N W Nest 3: Springfield Research Station, under the roots of a tree, O. bauri N W Nest 4: Cabrits National Park, under a termitarium, O. ruginodis N W Nest 5: Kalinago Territory, under the roots of a tree, O. bauri N W Nest 6: Springfield Research Station, under a tree stump, O. bauri N W Specimens were identified as either Odontomachus bauri or O. ruginodis by comparison to images of species in the genus Odontomachus found on Antweb (Antweb 2017).
4 Table 1. Number of prey of each type taken at each nest, and total number of each type overall. 3 Termite Alates Termite Workers Caterpillars Crickets Ants Isopod Hemipteran Millipede Pupa Spider Earwig Diptera Nest 1 3 Nest Nest Nest Nest Nest Total Results: Fig 1. Proportion of each prey type taken from all nests. Termites make up a plurality of all prey items taken at 37% of the total, with the nests associated with termitaria (Nests 1 and 4) being observed only taking termite prey. Nests not directly associated with a termite colony were never observed with termite workers, only collecting termite alates after a nuptial flight (Table 1). The next most common prey
5 4 item was caterpillars at 19%, followed by ants at 12% and spiders at 10% (Figure 1). Although the state of the majority of the prey at time of capture was not observed, in two instances a forager was seen taking food that had clearly been dead for some time, these being one half of a millipede at Nest 3 and an earwig and desiccated isopod at Nest 6. With the exception of the ants and the non-scavenged isopod, all mobile prey collected was soft-bodied, with the crickets and hemipterans all being immatures. Of the six ants collected, only two were workers, one from Nest 2 and one from Nest 6, with the other four being alates, three males and one female. Discussion: The preponderance of termite prey in the diet, particularly for those associated with termite nests is unsurprising, as there have been a number of studies that have observed this as well. What is more interesting is that those nests that were not built next to a termitarium were not observed with any termite workers as prey, only eating termites during mass flights of alates. This suggests that either the nests away from termitaria were taking termites from termite nests further away and just happened to not do so while being observed, or that these two Odontomachus species prefer termites to such a degree that when they are available the colony will build nests near termitaria when possible. One potential avenue of future research would be to look at the distribution of Odontomachus nests in areas with high and low densities of termitaria. The strong preference for soft-bodied prey was noted in another study (Holldobler and Ehmer 1995), but with a focus on preying on termites specifically rather than soft-bodied prey in general. However, personal observations of the Odontomachus foragers may provide an explanation. On discovering a prey item the foragers were noted as striking at the prey several times, retreating slightly with each one, until it would keep a hold on the prey after a strike and use its stinger, which matches previous observations of Odontomachus bauri hunting strategies (Holldobler and Ehmer 1995). When foragers were seen attacking prey with harder exoskeletons, it would often take a larger number of strikes before the forager would sting, with the prey often fleeing during the retreat between strikes. In contrast, soft bodied prey was often stung either on the first or within the first few strikes, leaving less opportunity for escape. If the forager retreats after each strike because it failed to get a firm grip on the prey and needs to reopen its mandibles for another strike, then it s possible that foragers can simply grip soft-bodied prey more easily and so find them easier to capture. The next most common prey item after termites were caterpillars,
6 5 making up a larger portion of the prey captured at nests 2, 3, and 5, all of which were under the roots of living trees. The location of these nests, coupled with the lack of caterpillars as prey at Nest 6, which was not underneath the branches of any nearby trees, makes it plausible that small caterpillars that had fallen from the tree above the nest were simply the most commonly available prey item. Other Odontomachus species have been shown to be generalist predators in the past, and so a diet consisting of whatever suitable prey happens to be nearby would make sense (Camargo and Oliveira 2012). Despite not being soft bodied, other ants and particularly ant alates were a common prey item, both in this study and in previous ones (Holldobler and Ehmer 1995, Camargo and Oliveira 2012). One potential explanation for this is that the abundance of prey offsets its lower quality. Ant alates, like termite alates, swarm in high numbers, and this overabundance of them leads to foragers encountering them so often that they will make up a significant portion of the diet even if many of them escape capture. In addition, male alates often die shortly after mating, and it is much easier to take those carcasses over even easy living prey (Shik and Kaspari 2009). Scavenging hard-bodied insects is something that at least Odontomachus bauri has been demonstrated as performing, both in this study and in at least one previous one, though that previous study was not specific about the relative proportion of captured vs scavenged food beyond that retrieval of dead items was repeatedly witnessed (Holldobler and Ehmer 1995). The presence of O. ruginodis on Dominica was only discovered in 2015 by Andrew Graf, and so a comparison of their diet preferences on the island has not been performed. According to the data found here, there does not appear to be a significant difference between the diets of O. bauri and O. ruginodis. Both are found associated with termites, eating largely or exclusively termites when associated with them, and otherwise have a preference for soft-bodied arthropods. There was no existing literature on the diet preferences of O. ruginodis like there was for O. bauri, which means there was no baseline of comparison for the accuracy of the data found. One major issue with the comparison between these two species, and with the study as a whole, is that time constraints limited the time spent observing nests in places other than Springfield research station. Since both nests observed on the station were O. bauri colonies, this means that there could be significant differences between O. bauri and O. ruginodis that weren t apparent in the limited observation window. In addition, while both species were found at the Roseau Botanical
7 6 Gardens, the O. bauri found there were associated with a termitarium, which has been shown to significantly alter their foraging. This means that all equitable comparisons between O. bauri and O. ruginodis are being made between nests in often significantly different habitats. Locating a colonies of two different species that are in close proximity and studying their dietary preferences without habitat as a factor could be an interesting avenue of future research. More than anything else, the biggest limitation of this study was available time. Only two of the nests, the ones at Springfield, could be observed over multiple days, with the others observed only once and often only briefly. In addition, all of these observations were made during the late morning and early to mid afternoon, which could be problematic if one or both species is primarily nocturnal or crepuscular. Previous studies have not established any such daily pattern in O. bauri, but other species in the same genus have been shown to prefer to forage at night (Holldobler and Ehmer 1995, Camargo and Oliveira 2012). In order to confirm the accuracy of this study, a future study could focus on repeatedly visiting a smaller number of colonies of each species under a wider variety of conditions. These are highly predatory ants, and so predation is one of the primary ways in which they interact with other insects, making understanding their habits as predators important to fully understanding their life history. By gathering information about the ants' feeding habits, it is hoped that this can act as a foundation on which a complete picture of the place of these ants in the insect community of the island can be created. Acknowledgements: I would like to thank Dr. Adrienne Brundage, Dr. Thomas Lacher, and Dr. Jim Woolley for their advice and assistance in developing and performing this experiment, and for allowing me the opportunity to come to Dominica in order to carry it out. Works Cited: Dejean A. & Bashingwa E La Predation Chez Odontomachus Trodlodytes Santschi (Formicidae-Ponerinae). E.P. Ins. Soc 32: 23. doi: /bf Andrew Graf, A survey of Odontomachus sp and General Observations of Nesting Preferences on the Island Nation of Dominica in the West Indies, 2015,
8 7 Andrew_2015.pdf Ehmer B. and Holldobler B Foraging Behavior of Odontomachus bauri on Barro Colorado Island, Panama, Psyche: Volume 102, Issue 3-4, Pages Camargo R.X. and Oliveira P.S Natural history of the Neotropical arboreal ant, Odontomachus hastatus: Nest sites, foraging schedule, and diet. Journal of Insect Science: Volume 12, Issue 48. Fowler H.G Populations, prey capture and sharing, and foraging of the Paraguayan Ponerine Odontomachus chelifer Latreille. Journal of Natural History, 14:1, 79-84, DOI: / Shik, J.Z. & Kaspari, M Lifespan in male ants linked to mating syndrome. Insect. Soc. 56: 131. doi: /s AntWeb. Available from: t=allantwebants. Accessed 10 June AntWeb. Available from: oject=allantwebants. Accessed 10 June 2017.
Comparison of flowering plant diversity and insect diversity at varying elevations across Dominica, West Indies. By Brent Goebel
Comparison of flowering plant diversity and insect diversity at varying elevations across Dominica, West Indies By Brent Goebel Presented to Dr. Kevin Conway and Dr. Juliana Rangel Department of Wildlife
More informationWorld of Insects. Characteristics, Orders, and Collecting
World of Insects Characteristics, Orders, and Collecting What You Should Know About Insects Taxonomy Kingdom Animalia Phylum Arthropoda Class - Insecta Insects Are Arthropods Insects are the largest group
More informationbiotic factors camouflage carnivore chloroplast
non-living parts of an organism's environment Eg air currents, temperature, moisture, light, and soil type special features about an organism that help it survive and reproduce living things that is different
More informationSome Animals Are More Equal than Others: Trophic Cascades and Keystone Species
Some Animals Are More Equal than Others: Trophic Cascades and Keystone Species NAME DATE This handout supplements the short film Some Animals Are More Equal than Others: Trophic Cascades and Keystone Species.
More informationLIFECYCLE TERMITE COLONY
THE LIFECYCLE OF A TERMITE COLONY Termites present a danger to every home, weakening every piece of wood they dig and forage into. In the United States alone, it is estimated that termites cause over five
More informationBosque Leaf Hunt Relay
20. Bosque Leaf Hunt Relay 284 This activity was adapted from the activity Leaf Hunt Relay from Project Learning Tree and the Insect Variation developed by Bob Cain, Forest Entomologist for New Mexico
More informationActivity: Honey Bee Adaptation Grade Level: Major Emphasis: Major Curriculum Area: Related Curriculum Areas: Program Indicator: Student Outcomes:
Activity: Honey Bee Adaptation Grade Level: Grade 5 Major Emphasis: Invertebrates and Their Environments Major Curriculum Area: Science Related Curriculum Areas: Refer to Outdoor Education Curriculum Matrix
More information28 3 Insects Slide 1 of 44
1 of 44 Class Insecta contains more species than any other group of animals. 2 of 44 What Is an Insect? What Is an Insect? Insects have a body divided into three parts head, thorax, and abdomen. Three
More informationThe Flow of Aquatic Nitrogen from Ants to Antlions on the Sturgeon Bay Dunes
Cara Fuentes Ecology-Scholtens Group 3 8/13/2008 The Flow of Aquatic Nitrogen from Ants to Antlions on the Sturgeon Bay Dunes Abstract In order to determine the effect of distance from the shoreline on
More informationUniversity of Kentucky Department of Entomology Insects in the Classroom: Lesson Plan No. 105
University of Kentucky Department of Entomology Insects in the Classroom: Lesson Plan No. 105 BENEFICIAL BUG SCAVENGER HUNT Prepared by Blake Newton, Extension Specialist Developed from an activity designed
More informationBENEFICIAL INSECTS GOING BUGGY
BENEFICIAL INSECTS GOING BUGGY GOALS FOR THIS STATION Understand the importance of beneficial insects Understand the importance of native bees Understand the importance of conserving insect habitats ROLES
More informationTypes of Consumers. herbivores
no energy = no life Types of Consumers herbivores herbivore us vegetation to swallow or devour Types of Consumers herbivores the organisms that eat plants carnivores carnivore us flesh to swallow or devour
More informationForaging of Host Plants by Butterflies on Dominica, Lesser Antilles
Foraging of Host Plants by Butterflies on Dominica, Lesser Antilles By: Alejandra Mendez 2013 Study Abroad Abstract: Two of the most common butterflies seen at Archbold Tropical Research and Education
More informationLEARN 10 Insect Orders of the Wenatchee Watershed
LEARN 10 Insect Orders of the Wenatchee Watershed Text and photos by Susan Ballinger. Photos of specimens from the collection of Dr. Robert Gillespie, Wenatchee Valley College Order Odonata dragonflies
More informationEXTERNAL ANATOMY OF INSECTS
External Anatomy of Insects 1 The insect s exoskeleton is made up of a series of plates EXTERNAL ANATOMY OF INSECTS These plates make up the insect s exoskeleton. These plates are connected by joints or
More informationDescription and survey of epiphytic coverage of trees by vascular plants on Dominica with respect to horizontal and vertical surfaces
Description and survey of epiphytic coverage of trees by vascular plants on Dominica with respect to horizontal and vertical surfaces Maxwell Fontanier Texas A&M University Dominica Study Abroad 2008 Dr.
More informationWhitney Cranshaw Colorado State University
Natural and Biological Controls of Shade Tree Insect Pests Whitney Cranshaw Colorado State University Natural Controls Natural Enemies Abiotic (Weather) Controls Topographic Limitations Temperature Extremes
More informationWhat is wrong with deer on Haida Gwaii?
What is wrong with deer on Haida Gwaii? A school curriculum by the Research Group on Introduced Species 2007 Forests of Haida Gwaii Haida Gwaii is an archipelago. It consists of a great number of islands,
More informationSolenopsis invicta (Red Imported Fire Ant)
Solenopsis invicta (Red Imported Fire Ant) Order: Hymenoptera (Ants, Wasps and Bees) Class: Insecta (Insects) Phylum: Arthropoda (Arthropods) Fig. 1. Red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta. [http://www.alexanderwild.com,
More informationBiology: Get out your packet from yesterday! If you would like to use gloves on Mon and Tues for Dissection PLEASE BRING THEM!!!
Biology: Get out your packet from yesterday! Today: 5/15/2014 Learning Objectives: *Discuss answers from yesterday Describe the characteristics of animals that belong to the Phylum Arthropoda *Arthropod
More informationNICHE BREADTH AND RESOURCE PARTIONING
22 NICHE BREADTH AND RESOURCE PARTIONING Objectives Compute niche breadth for two organisms coexisting in a community. Compute niche overlap for the two coexisting organisms. Use the Solver function to
More informationTermighty Fun & Games
Termighty Fun & Games Social Insects L G S N K I N G O C S I R A L I R R I U N S E C N T S E L I F O Q O V R E A O N D C K D W E O U O U R S I K E E O R T O C M E G E N T E F T T L O S F Y H E E R A D
More informationEastern Subterranean Termite
Eastern Subterranean Termite Introduction Subterranean termites are the single greatest economic pest in the United States. These termites cause billions of dollars in damage each year to homes, historical
More informationIncredible Invertebrates
Invertebrates activity one: lesson plan Incredible Invertebrates Invertebrates are, by far, the most successful creatures in animal kingdom. You can find them on land, in the air, and in the water, dominating
More informationGIS Mapping of Dominica, West Indies
GIS Mapping of Dominica, West Indies Kyle Alexander Wallace Texas A & M University Study Abroad 2007 Springfield, Dominica, West Indies Submitted to: Dr. J. Woolley & Dr. R. Wharton Table of Contents Title
More informationSYMPOSIUM Student Journal of Science & Math. Volume 2 Issue 1
SYMPOSIUM Student Journal of Science & Math Volume 2 Issue 1 biology 117 B82.731 OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING IN EUSOCIAL INSECTS Background A RESEARCH PROPOSAL by Avity Norman Ants (order Hymenoptera, family
More informationWelcome to the 4H Entomology Project!
Welcome to the 4H Entomology Project! If you re interested in wildlife ---the outdoors? Have you ever thought of insects and their relatives? They are found almost everywhere in the world and occupy many
More informationBoise Parks & Recreation 2016 Monarch Report
2016 Monarch Report M onarch butterfly populations are in decline nationwide and Boise Parks & Recreation (BPR) has stepped up to take action, with the launch of Parks, Monarchs, and Milkweeds. Parks,
More informationBees. Wasps. Bugs that Sting. Ants. Scorpions
Bees Wasps Scorpions Bugs that Sting Ants Bitign and Stinigng Insects and other arthropods can bite with mouthparts, usually mouthparts designed to suck fluids Insects sting with a modified ovipositor.
More informationKansas State University Department of Entomology Newsletter
Kansas State University Department of Entomology Newsletter For Agribusinesses, Applicators, Consultants, Extension Personnel & Homeowners Department of Entomology 123 West Waters Hall K-State Research
More informationLesson Plan: Vectors and Venn Diagrams
Prep Time: Minimal Lesson Plan: Vectors and Venn Diagrams Age Level: Can be modified for any grade Materials Needed: Blank Venn diagrams can be printed for students to complete (included in this document),
More informationPopulation Ecology. Study of populations in relation to the environment. Increase population size= endangered species
Population Basics Population Ecology Study of populations in relation to the environment Purpose: Increase population size= endangered species Decrease population size = pests, invasive species Maintain
More information*Add to Science Notebook Name 1
*Add to Science Notebook Name 1 Arthropods, Ch. 13, pg. 374-382 Characteristics of Arthropods *Arthropods are the largest group of animals. *Arthropods have jointed and include,,, and. *Arthropod appendages
More informationFOCUS. Context. Ecosystems. Habitats. Communities
FOCUS 4.8 Context This Focus is about how living organisms can affect others, either helping or harming them. It also discusses how living organisms can affect their physical environment. It will help
More informationWhat is Forensic Entomology?
What is Forensic Entomology? Forensic Entomology is the use of insects and their arthropod relatives that inhabit decomposing remains to aid legal investigations. It is one of the many tools of forensic
More informationEcology: The science concerned with the relationships among living things and their environment.
ECOSYSTEM VOCABULARY IN PACKET Ecology: The science concerned with the relationships among living things and their environment. Ecosystem: A community that includes all the living and nonliving things
More informationChapter 8 Understanding Populations
Chapter 8 Understanding Populations Section 2: How Species Interact with Each Other Key Terms: Niche Competition Predation Parasitism Mutualism Commensalism Symbiosis How Species Interact with Each Other
More informationIntroduction. he stars of Bugs! a praying mantis and a butterfly,
he stars of Bugs! a praying mantis and a butterfly, Introduction T known by their Latin names, Hierodula sp. and Papilio sp., are hatched in the same part of the rainforest in Borneo. Hierodula and Papilio
More informationPOPULATION STUDIES. Population ecology is the study of the factors affecting the sizes of different populations.
POPULATION STUDIES Population ecology is the study of the factors affecting the sizes of different populations. Definitions Population: group of individuals same species living in same definable area can
More informationCharles Darwin became a naturalist, a scientist who studies nature, during a voyage on the British ship HMS Beagle.
Theory of Evolution Darwin s Voyage What did Darwin observe? Charles Darwin became a naturalist, a scientist who studies nature, during a voyage on the British ship HMS Beagle. On his journey, Darwin observed
More informationChapter Niches and Community Interactions
Chapter 4 4.2 Niches and Community Interactions Key Questions: 1) What is a niche? 2) How does competition shape communities? 3) How do predation and herbivory shape communites? 4) What are three primary
More informationUnit 12 ~ Learning Guide
Unit 12 ~ Learning Guide Name: INSTRUCTIONS Complete the following notes and questions as you work through the related lessons. You are required to have this package completed BEFORE you write your unit
More informationDrywood Termite Identification Guide
Drywood Termite Identification Guide How to Identify a Drywood Termite from a Subterranean Termite By DoMyOwn staff OVERVIEW Termites are insects that eat wood, which can lead to the destruction of furniture,
More informationLesson Overview 4.2 Niches and Community Interactions
THINK ABOUT IT If you ask someone where an organism lives, that person might answer on a coral reef or in the desert. Lesson Overview 4.2 Niches and Community Interactions These answers give the environment
More informationNiche The sum of all interactions a species has with biotic/abiotic components of the environment N-dimensional hypervolume
Niche The sum of all interactions a species has with biotic/abiotic components of the environment N-dimensional hypervolume Each dimension is a biotic or abiotic resource Ecomorphology Ecology (niche)
More informationEcology 2. Name: Class: Date: Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
Name: Class: Date: Ecology 2 Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. Which of the following statements is consistent with the principle of competitive
More informationArthropods. Ch. 13, pg
Arthropods Ch. 13, pg. 374-382 382 Arthropods Insects Arachnids Centipedes and Millipedes Crustaceans Characteristics of Arthropods Arthropods have jointed appendages and include legs, antennae, claws,
More informationCHAPTER 5. Interactions in the Ecosystem
CHAPTER 5 Interactions in the Ecosystem 1 SECTION 3.3 - THE ECOSYSTEM 2 SECTION 3.3 - THE ECOSYSTEM Levels of Organization Individual one organism from a species. Species a group of organisms so similar
More informationInteractions among Land, Water, and Vegetation in Shoreline Arthropod Communities
AMERICAN JOURNAL OF UNDERGRADUATE RESEARCH VOL., NO.. () Interactions among Land, Water, and Vegetation in Shoreline Arthropod Communities Randall D. Willoughby and Wendy B. Anderson Department of Biology
More informationKansas State University Extension Entomology Newsletter
Kansas State University Extension Entomology Newsletter For Agribusinesses, Applicators, Consultants, Extension Personnel & Homeowners Department of Entomology 123 West Waters Hall K-State Research and
More informationActivity: Build a Bug
Activity: Build a Bug Grade Level: 3 rd -5 th grade Time required: 20 minutes for preparation; 1 hour for activity Subjects covered: Life sciences, Adaptations, and Insects Skills covered: Observation,
More informationJoe Napolitano Suffolk County Community College Eastern Campus Math and Science Department
Getting to Know the Neighbors: Commonly Encountered Wasps in Suburban Settings Joe Napolitano Suffolk County Community College Eastern Campus Math and Science Department University of Sydney Species Scape
More informationThe Eco Pyramid By Michael Stahl
The Eco Pyramid The Eco Pyramid By Michael Stahl An ecosystem is a community of living organisms interacting with one another as well as with nonliving things. One very important aspect of an ecosystem
More informationWho Eats What? Mouthparts and Meals
Who Eats What? Mouthparts and Meals Essential Question: What do insects eat? Background Information The ecological roles that animals play in their ecosystems or habitats are, for the most part, determined
More informationFLOWERS AND POLLINATION. This activity introduces the relationship between flower structures and pollination.
FLOWERS AND POLLINATION This activity introduces the relationship between flower structures and pollination. Objectives for Exam #1 1. Identify flower structures and match those structures to specific
More informationGarden Insects of Central WA
Garden Insects of Central WA Ø Ruth Hardison Ø Mike Bush Ø Master Gardener Training- January 27, 2016 Photo courtesy- Susan Spain, Yakima Co. Master Gardener A Little Taxonomy Kingdom = Animal Phylum =
More informationCharacteriza*on and quan*fica*on of communi*es
Characteriza*on and quan*fica*on of communi*es Species Richness Species richness & evenness: The Shannon-Wiener index More accurately captures diversity within a community. Takes into account relative
More informationDarwin s Theory of Natural Selection
Darwin s Theory of Natural Selection Question: Has Life Ever Changed? In 1700 s, scientists examined fossils that showed how extinct species look very different than they do today. Scientists began to
More informationADAPTATIONS. Characteristics that give an organism a better chance of survival.
ADAPTATIONS Characteristics that give an organism a better chance of survival. Special traits that help living organisms survive in a particular environment. Ex: Polar bear s thick white fur keeps him
More informationEvidence of Evolution. Chapter 17
Evidence of Evolution Chapter 17 Overview Current species are descendents of ancestral species Evolution is both a pattern and a process Origin of Species Views of Aristotle Fixed species Old Testament
More informationPARATAXONOMIST GUTPELA SAVE TEST PART 1 YOUR NAME:.. 1. Write names of all body parts you know for the following insect drawings: A
1 PARATAXONOMIST GUTPELA SAVE TEST 2006 - PART 1 YOUR NAME:.. 1. Write names of all body parts you know for the following insect drawings: A B 2 C D 2. These are chewing mouthparts. Name their parts (=
More informationName Class Date. Matching On the lines provided, write the letter of the description that best matches each term on the left. 1.
Chapter 28 Arthropods and Echinoderms Chapter Vocabulary Review Matching On the lines provided, write the letter of the description that best matches each term on the left. 1. thorax a. shedding of the
More informationHoneybees There are more than 22,000 types of bees in the world. Do you know which bees make honey? Without honeybees, you wouldn t have any honey to spread on your toast in the morning. You may have seen
More informationIntracolonial nepotism during colony fissioning in honey bees?
Intracolonial nepotism during colony fissioning in honey bees? Juliana Rangel Co-authors: Heather Mattila, Thomas Seeley Department of Neurobiology and Behavior Cornell University Apimondia Conference,
More informationListening. The Air. Did you know? Did you know?
Listening 1. Find a place to sit. 2. Close your eyes and listen carefully to all the sounds you can hear. Cup your hands around your ears and turn your head to help you listen in particular directions.
More informationLaws of Nature Post-Field Trip Lesson Plan
Overview Research has shown that field trips are more educationally beneficial for students if students have the opportunity to review and reflect upon what was learned during the field trip (Flexer &
More informationSocial Insects. Social Insects. Subsocial. Social Insects 4/9/15. Insect Ecology
Social Insects Social Insects Insect Ecology Sociality evolved multiple times in insects Much of Earth s fauna consists of social insects They play major roles in entire ecosystems Proliferation of ants
More informationSocial Insects. Insect Ecology
Social Insects Insect Ecology Social Insects Sociality evolved multiple times in insects Much of Earth s fauna consists of social insects They play major roles in entire ecosystems Proliferation of ants
More informationBIOLOGY Unit 2: Ecology Review Guide
BIOLOGY 621 - Unit 2: Ecology Review Guide Worksheets to look over: BLUE notes packets on: o "Unit Two: Ecology" o "Feeding Relationships" o "Succession & Growth" Do Now's on: o "Food Web & Food Chains"
More informationThe evolution and functional morphology of trap-jaw ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)
Myrmecological News 20 25-36 Online Earlier, for print 2014 The evolution and functional morphology of trap-jaw ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) Fredrick J. LARABEE & Andrew V. SUAREZ Abstract We review
More informationCelebrate Spring! Vernal Equinox
Celebrate Spring! Vernal Equinox In temperate climates that is, climates which have varying temperatures and seasons spring brings lots of changes to our world. The official first day of spring is called
More informationEnvironmental signals
Environmental signals Why are environmental signals rare? Pp 632-635 Resource recruitment signals Costs and benefits Vertebrates and social insects Predator detection signals Types Patterns of usage Intertrophic
More informationObjectives. Teaching Basic Entomology. My questions for you. Anatomy of an insect 2/27/15
Objectives GARDEN INSECT PESTS: HOW STUDENTS CAN ENGAGE IN INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT Introduction to entomology Provide examples of activities and exercises you can use in the classroom (k-8) Common insects
More informationInvasive Species Test. 30 Stations 90 seconds each -or- 15 stations (2/seat) 3 minutes each
Invasive Species Test 30 Stations 90 seconds each -or- 15 stations (2/seat) 3 minutes each Station 1 A. The insect transmits Huanglongbing killing the plant upon which it feeds. How was this species introduced
More informationTermites can destroy your home. How does Termidor work? How to turn termites Inside-Out. Termidor Dust. Then why use the Termidor Dust?
Termites can destroy your home Termites are increasingly causing major structural damage to buildings throughout Australia and striking fear into the hearts of homeowners. With the home so often the major
More informationLA SELVA REU MENTORS 2018
Andrew Bruce 1. Scouting in Leaf-cutting ants: Tracking and understanding the scouts of leaf-cutting ants Leaf-cutting ants are charismatic animals of tremendous ecological impact that build large, highly
More informationBee Colony Activities Throughout The Year
Bee Colony Activities Throughout The Year Written by Khalil Hamdan Apeldoorn The Netherlands A honeybee gathering nectar from a flower. Photo source: forestwander.com Bee collecting pollen. Photo source:
More informationAmy Ant. Formica Mica Grant. Dr. Sheila Grant (Mica s mom)
Dr. Sheila Grant (Mica s mom) Formica Mica Grant Amy Ant By Elisabeth Schlegel, Jessica Louton, Natasha Mehdiabadi, and Ted Schultz Illustrated by Katherine Arisumi At the Smithsonian Institution s National
More informationAn Introduction to Bugs. Whitney Cranshaw Colorado State University
An Introduction to Bugs Whitney Cranshaw Colorado State University An Introduction to Bugs Whitney Cranshaw Colorado State University Arthropod Features Segmented body Exoskeleton Jointed appendages
More informationBoardworks Ltd Evolution
1 of 34 Boardworks Ltd 2011 Evolution 2 of 34 Boardworks Ltd 2011 Life on earth 3 of 34 Boardworks Ltd 2011 Life on earth began approximately 3,500 million years ago. What do you think the earliest life
More informationBeneficial Aspects. Extent and Economic Importance. Entomology For Master Gardeners
Entomology For Master Gardeners Molly Greenwood Spring 2017 Extent and Economic Importance Major form of higher life Attack all stages of all species Damage equals harvest Beneficial aspects Beneficial
More informationInteractions of life
Interactions of life Objectives Describe how organisms obtain energy for life. Explain how organisms interact. Recognize that every organism occupies a niche. Energy Living organisms need a constant supply
More informationMicrogynous queens in ants: social parasites or dispersal morphs?
Microgynous queens in ants: social parasites or dispersal morphs? Lenoir Alain 1, Séverine Devers 1, Philippe Marchand 1, Christine Errard 1, Christophe Bressac 1 and Riitta Savolainen 2 1 University of
More informationCHAPTER - V. POPULATION STUDIES OF THE TERMITE O.wallonensis
CHAPTER - V POPULATION STUDIES OF THE TERMITE O.wallonensis 5.1. Introduction Andrews (1911) and Grasses (1939) studied the total population and relative percentage of various castes in different species
More informationWhitney Cranshaw Colorado State University
Recognizing and Working with Natural Enemies of Garden Insect Pests Whitney Cranshaw Colorado State University Natural Controls Natural Enemies Abiotic (Weather) Controls Topographic Limitations N Natural
More information7 Tips to Prevent Termites from Eating You Out of House & Home
7 Tips to Prevent Termites from Eating You Out of House & Home Call Larue - We Know Just What To Do! A Free ebook Provided By: Larue Pest Management Table of Contents #1: What Are Termites?! 3 #2: Do I
More informationPage 1. Name:
Name: 9477-1 - Page 1 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) The ecological niche of an organism refers to the A) relation of the organism to humans B) biosphere in which the organism lives C) position of the organism in a food
More informationLevels of Ecological Organization. Biotic and Abiotic Factors. Studying Ecology. Chapter 4 Population Ecology
Chapter 4 Population Ecology Lesson 4.1 Studying Ecology Levels of Ecological Organization Biotic and Abiotic Factors The study of how organisms interact with each other and with their environments Scientists
More informationChapter 4 Population Ecology
Chapter 4 Population Ecology Lesson 4.1 Studying Ecology Levels of Ecological Organization The study of how organisms interact with each other and with their environments Scientists study ecology at various
More informationDesert Patterns. Plants Growth and reproduction Water loss prevention Defenses. Animals Growth and reproduction Water loss prevention Defenses
Desert Patterns Plants Growth and reproduction Water loss prevention Defenses Animals Growth and reproduction Water loss prevention Defenses Abiotic Features Introduction A major emphasis in ecology is
More informationHonors Biology Ecology Concept List
1. For each pair of terms, explain how the meanings of the terms differ. a. mutualism and commensalism b. parasitism and predation c. species richness and species diversity d. primary succession and secondary
More informationHoney Bees: A Pollination Simulation
Honey Bees: A Pollination Simulation Grade Level(s) 3-5 Estimated Time 2 hours Purpose Students will identify the parts of a honey bee, the stages of its life cycle, and its role in pollination. Materials
More informationWalking across a snowy field or mountain, you might not notice many living things. But if you dig into the snow, you ll find a lot of life!
Beetle, it s cold outside! Featured scientists: Caroline Williams & Andre Szejner Sigal, University of California, Berkeley, & Nikki Chambers, Biology Teacher, West High School, Torrance, CA Research Background:
More informationFacts about Beetles FUN FACTS BEETLE-MANIA STAYING SAFE GETTING AROUND BEETLE ABODES LIFE STAGES BEETLES AND PEOPLE ALERT ANTENNAE EYE SEE YOU!
Facts about Beetles FUN FACTS BEETLE-MANIA STAYING SAFE GETTING AROUND BEETLE ABODES LIFE STAGES BEETLES AND PEOPLE ALERT ANTENNAE EYE SEE YOU! BEETLE BODY PARTS RECYCLING MACHINES Most beetles can fly,
More informationopen flower infructescence stem inflorescence stem cross section bracts rosette
open flower inflorescence stem cross section bracts rosette Figure S1. Photomontage of Vriesea friburgensis with inflorescence (left) and infructescence (right) (normally only one stem per rosette). Stems
More information6. Which of the following is not a basic need of all animals a. food b. friends c. water d. protection from predators
NAME SOL 4.5 Habitats, Niches and Adaptations POPULATION A group of the same species living in the same place at the same time. COMMUNITY-- All of the populations that live in the same area 6. Which of
More informationForaging. This week in Animal Behaviour. How do animals choose? Do animals choose their food?
This week in Animal Behaviour Lecture 22: Cooperation Lecture 23: Foraging Lecture 24: TBA Text chapters 10-11 LAB: Project 2 proposal seminars Midterm 2 on Tuesday Nov. 8 Foraging 1. Models of foraging
More informationrd 9 Weeks Benchmark Review Evolution, Ecology, & the Skeletal/Muscular/Integumentary System
2017 3 rd 9 Weeks Benchmark Review Evolution, Ecology, & the Skeletal/Muscular/Integumentary System Evolution: 1. Define Species A group of similar organisms that can mate with each other and produce fertile
More informationOrganisms can interact in different ways.
Page 1 of 8 KEY CONCEPT Organisms can interact in different ways. BEFORE, you learned ifferent populations live together in a habitat ifferent species fill different niches in a habitat There are patterns
More informationRed Admiral (Early Stages)
01 February 2014 Vince Massimo Citation: Massimo, V. (2014). Red Admiral (Early Stages) [Online]. Available from http://www.dispar.org/reference.php?id=25 [Accessed February 1, 2014]. Red Admiral (Early
More information