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1 Supporting Online Material for The Xist RNA Gene Evolved in Eutherians by Pseudogenization of a Protein-Coding Gene Laurent Duret,* Corinne Chureau, Sylvie Samain, Jean Weissenbach, Philip Avner *To whom correspondence should be addressed. duret@biomserv.univ-lyon1.fr This PDF file includes Materials and Methods SOM Text Figs. S1 and S2 Tables S1 and S2 References and Notes Published 16 June 2006, Science 312, 1653 (2006). DOI: /science
2 Supplementary Material The Xist RNA gene evolved in eutherians by pseudogenization of a protein-coding gene Laurent Duret, Corinne Chureau, Sylvie Samain, Jean Weissenbach, Philip Avner Methods Sequencing. Using standards protocols we screened a BAC library from Monodelphis domestica (LB3 from BAC/PAC Resources of the Children s Hospital Oakland Research Institute). We used probes derived from eutherian Xist sequences, from chicken XicHR genes and from opossum genomic sequences available through the Ensembl web site (1). We isolated one BAC containing the Rasl11c gene and the 5' end of Lnx3 (EMBL accession number AM230660). We amplified and sequenced the Lnx3 cdna from opossum tissue samples of testis (male) and liver (male and female) (EMBL accession number AM230659). Searching for homologous genes. Homologs of protein-coding genes were searched with BLASTP (2) against the Ensembl protein annotations of complete vertebrate genomes (Ensembl release 34 (1)). This data set includes 12 species: six eutherian mammals (Bos taurus, Canis familiaris, Homo sapiens, Pan troglodytes, Mus musculus, Rattus norvegicus), one marsupial (the opossum Monodelphis domestica), one bird (Gallus gallus), one amphibian (Xenopus tropicalis), and three teleost 1
3 fishes (Danio rerio, Fugu rubripes, Tetraodon nigroviridis). For many of these genomes, the processes of sequencing, assembling and annotation are not totally finished. Thus, with BLASTP, one may miss homologs that have not been annotated yet, or that are present in genomic sequences that have not been incorporated in the assembly. We therefore used TBLASTN to search for homologs of the chicken Lnx3 protein gene within these 12 genomes, plus the draft assembly of the elephant genome (Loxodonta africana, build BROADE1), from the opossum shotgun sequences (41,343,661 sequence reads; 36.5 Gb) and from the monotreme platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus) (27,935,986 sequence reads; 21.3 Gb) (available at the NCBI trace archive: ftp://ftp.ncbi.nih.gov/pub/tracedb/). All these data sets were also used to search for homologs of non-coding RNA genes (Xist, Jpx and Ftx) with BLASTN. The protein-coding genes from XicHR belong to multigenic families. To distinguish between orthologs and paralogs, we computed phylogenetic trees (neighbor joining method, with poisson correction) for each gene family. We selected for phylogenetic analyses all homologs having a BLASTP score greater or equal to the score of the closest non-vertebrate homolog (tunicate, insect or nematode). Duplicates or sequences that were too short (due to incomplete gene prediction) were removed from the data set. In all cases, groups of orthologs of the chicken XicHR genes were supported by strong bootstrap values (> 90%). In eutherians we found paralogs of the XicHR genes, resulting from ancient duplications predating the divergence between fishes and tetrapods (Table S1). However, we did not find any orthologue of the XicHR genes, which indicates that they have been lost from the genome of eutherians or are too diverged to be recognizable by BLAST. In eutherians, besides Xist, the Xic region contains two RNA genes (Jpx and Ftx) and two protein-coding genes (Tsx and Cnbp2) (3) (Fig. 2a). With BLAST, we failed to detect any homolog of Tsx, Jpx and Ftx genes in non-eutherian vertebrates. However, genomic 2
4 alignments with SIM demontrated that Tsx is a truncated ortholog of Fip1l2 (see main text and below). Jpx and Ftx, are found in the same genomic interval and in the same orientation as UspL and Wave4 (Fig 2a). This suggests that like Xist, they may derive from proteincoding genes. Cnbp2 is a retrotransposed gene deriving from the Cnbp autosomal gene (3). We identified orthologs of Cnbp2 in human, mouse and cow that are located at the same position in the Xic locus. Phylogenetic analyses indicate that Cnbp exists in all vertebrates but that Cnbp2 is specific of eutherians. Genomic alignments. Repeated elements were masked from genomic sequences with RepeatMasker (Smit, A. F. A. and Green, P., unpublished), using taxon-specific transposable element data sets from Repbase Update (4). Pairwise local alignments between genomic sequences were then computed with SIM (5) using default parameters (match = 1, mismatch = -1, gap opening penalty = 6, gap extension penalty = 0.2). The SIM local alignment software (5) is based on the Smith & Waterman algorithm, that is slow but more sensitive than BLAST. For each pair of sequences, we searched the 300 best local alignments (SIM parameter k=300). The value of this parameter was tuned so as to be sure that no significant match would be excluded by SIM. Hence, a large majority of these local alignments correspond to non-significant similarities that occur by chance between any non-related sequences. Then, to reduce the number of such random matches, we selected among these 300 local alignments the best combination of hits occuring in the same order and orientation in both sequences (using LALNVIEW (6)). By imposing this constraint of conserved order and orientation, we increased the specificity of the homology searches. Typically, less than 10% of the 300 best local alignments are retained after this filtering. The comparison of human and chicken XicHR 3
5 sequences revealed 22 alignments. Eight of them overlap known exons in chicken, among which five also correspond to exons in human (NB: we considered that there was an overlap if at least 33% of the length of the exon is covered by the alignment). Some weak similarities may occur by chance between unrelated sequences. To compute the probability that such random sequence matches overlap known exons, we performed simulations. For each species, the position of each of the 22 alignments was randomly chosen along the genomic sequence (excluding the positions masked by RepeatMasker), and we counted the number of alignments overlapping exons. We performed 10 8 simulations to get the distribution of the number of random matches overlapping exons in each species, and inferred the probability to observe by chance 8 overlaps in chicken or 5 overlaps in human. There are two Xist exons that show similarity with two Lnx3 exons. The probability that random matches overlap two exons in both species is the product of the probability to overlap two exons in each species, divided by two (to take into account the fact they were found in the same order in both species). Supplementary discussion New function by loss of function? Does the loss of protein-coding capacities of Lnx3 in eutherians have any link with chromosome inactivation? Lnx3 is conserved in all vertebrate classes and like its paralogs Lnx1 and Lnx2, encodes a protein containing one RING type E3 ubiquitin ligase domain, one NPXY binding motif and four PDZ protein-interaction domains. Lnx1 and Lnx2 are thought to regulate the Notch (and/or ErbB2) signalling by targeting Numb (ErbB2) for degradation through the proteasome pathway(7, 8). Whilst the exons conserved in Xist correspond to two 4
6 of the PDZ motifs, these Xist exons contain frameshift mutations (Fig. 3). Unravelling further the precise biological function of Lnx3 in non-eutherian species, although beyond the scope of the present work, may be useful in understanding the evolution of X inactivation. Pseudogenization of protein-genes flanking Xist An intriguing issue is the coincident loss of protein-coding function in Lnx3 (to become Xist) with the loss of function of four other protein genes in the XicHR: Fip1l2, Rasl11c, UspL and Wave4. One possible explanation for this simultaneous loss of protein-coding function of these genes is that the expression of Xist, that has an activity of heterochromatinization in cis, might be incompatible with the correct regulation of neighbouring genes. Thus, the activity of Xist might have precluded the proper expression of flanking genes, thereby leading them to pseudogenization. This model implies that the advantages conferred by the expression of Xist were strong enough to counterbalance the deleterious effects of silencing four neighbor genes (that are well conserved in all other vertebrates). An alternative explanation would be that these five XicHR genes participate in a single process, separate from sex chromosome inactivation, that is no longer required in eutherians. Presently, little is known about the precise function of these genes. Fip1l2 is homologous to Fip1, a subunit of the cleavage and polyadenylation specific factor(9). Rasl11c belongs to the Ras family of small GTPases(10), and UspL to a large family of ubiquitin-specific proteases(11). Wave proteins are involved in the regulation of actin polymerization(12). It is interesting to note that Lnx proteins have a ubiquitin ligase activity, whereas Usp proteins are deubiquitylating enzymes. Thus one might imagine that UspL regulates the activity of Lnx3 by removing polyubiquitin from its target proteins, rescuing them from degradation by the 5
7 proteasome. This model is very speculative, and there is at present no evidence to suggest that the XicHR genes are involved in the same function. Finally, it is also possible that the pseudogenization of the XicHR genes is the direct consequence of the invasion of the Xic locus by transposable elements. Such high transposition activity might result from intragenomic conflicts at imprinted loci (13). References: 1. E. Birney et al., Nucleic Acids Res 34, D556 (2006). 2. S. F. Altschul et al., Nucleic Acids Res. 25, 3389 (1997). 3. C. Chureau et al., Genome. Res. 12, 894 (2002). 4. J. Jurka, Trends. Genet. 16, 418 (2000). 5. X. Huang, W. Miller, Advances in Applied Mathematics 12, 337 (1991). 6. L. Duret, E. Gasteiger, G. Perriere, Comput. Appl. Biosci. 12, 507 (1996). 7. D. S. Rice, G. M. Northcutt, C. Kurschner, Mol Cell Neurosci 18, 525 (2001). 8. P. Young et al., Mol Cell Neurosci 30, 238 (2005). 9. I. Kaufmann, G. Martin, A. Friedlein, H. Langen, W. Keller, Embo J 23, 616 (2004). 10. R. Louro et al., Biochem Biophys Res Commun 316, 618 (2004). 11. V. Quesada et al., Biochem Biophys Res Commun 314, 54 (2004). 12. T. E. Stradal et al., Trends Cell Biol 14, 303 (2004). 13. J. F. Wilkins, Trends Genet 21, 356 (2005). Supplementary figures and tables. 6
8 (a) Chic1 Lnx3 Uspl Xpct Fip1l2 Rasl Wave4 Chicken Human Chic1 Tsx Xist Jpx Ftx Xpct (pseudo) (b) Lnx3 Rasl11c Chicken Dog Xist Protein-coding exon Non-coding RNA exon Repeat sequence (SINE, LINE,...) Figure S1: Comparison of the chicken XicHR with the human and dog Xic region. Genomic sequences were first analyzed with RepeatMasker to identify and mask repeated elements and then aligned with SIM. The best combination of local alignments in consistent order and orientation is displayed (see Methods). (a) Global view of the whole chicken/human alignment. (b) Zoom on the Lnx3/Xist and Rasl11c region in the chicken/dog alignment. Positions are indicated in bp.
9 Mouse Rat Cow Dog Chimpanzee Human Opossum Chicken 97 Fugu Tetraodon 99 Rat Cow Dog Chimpanzee Human Opossum Chicken Mouse Lnx2 Chicken Xenopus Xenopus Fugu Tetraodon Fugu Opossum Lnx1 Lnx3 Figure S2: Phylogenetic tree of the Lnx gene family. The protein alignment comprised 478 sites (after exclusion of unreliable parts of the alignment). The tree was computed with Phyml(1), using the JTT model, with four categories of substitution rate and estimated gamma distribution parameter and estimated proportion of invariable sites. The scale of branch lengths is indicated (number of substitutions per site). Bootstrap values larger than 50% (after 500 replicates) are displayed. Lnx3 protein has been evolving three times faster than its chicken ortholog, which is suggestive of functional changes. Comparison with the chicken gene shows no frameshifts or non-sense mutations, and reveals a low ratio of non-synonymous over synonymous substitution (0.15). This shows that the opossum Lnx3, although rapidly evolving, is subject to purifying selection. Ensembl or EMBL gene identifiers: Cow (Bos taurus): ENSBTAG (Lnx1), ENSBTAG (Lnx2). Dog (Canis familiaris): ENSCAFG (Lnx1), ENSCAFG (Lnx2). Fugu (Fugu rubripes): SINFRUG (Lnx1), SINFRUG (Lnx2), SINFRUG (Lnx3). Chicken (Gallus gallus): ENSGALG (Lnx1), ENSGALG (Lnx2), ENSGALG (Lnx3). Human (Homo sapiens): ENSG (Lnx1), ENSG (Lnx2). Mouse (Mus musculus): ENSMUSG (Lnx1), ENSMUSG (Lnx2). Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes): ENSPTRG (Lnx1), ENSPTRG (Lnx2). Rat (Rattus norvegicus): ENSRNOG (Lnx1), ENSRNOG (Lnx2). Tetraodon (Tetraodon nigroviridis): GSTENG (Lnx1), GSTENG (Lnx2). Xenopus (Xenopus tropicalis): ENSXETG (Lnx1), ENSXETG (Lnx3). Opossum (Monodelphis domestica): ENSMODG (Lnx1), ENSMODG (Lnx2), AM (Lnx3). (1) S. Guindon, O. Gascuel, Syst Biol 52, 696 (Oct, 2003).
10 Table S1: Orthologs and paralogs of XicHR protein genes in vertebrates. Chicken protein genes located in the Xic homologous region were compared against all Ensembl protein predictions with BLASTP. Ensembl gene identifiers of homologous genes are indicated in the table. Groups of orthologous genes were determined by phylogenetic analyses, and are surrounded by a rectangle in the table. Most of genes are found in four linkage group. The symbol <> indicates that genes are linked on the same scaffold in the genome assembly. The symbol # indicates a gap in the genome assembly. (a) Gene symbols correspond to the human gene nomenclature, except for (b) that do not exist in human and were named on the basis of their phylogenetic relationship with their closest homologs. (c) The gene was absent from Ensembl annotations, but was found in the genomic contig with TBLASTN. (d) The human Chic1 gene is missing from Ensembl annotations but is present in the genomic sequence and described in EMBL (accession number AL358796) and Uniprot (accession number Q5JSZ4). (e) Recent paralog resulting from a duplication in the rodent lineage (f) Recent paralog resulting from a duplication in the primate lineage. (g) EMBL accession number. It should be noticed that in chicken, the XicHR region is located on an autosome (chromosome 4), and hence can not be directly involved in a process similar to the X- inactivation of eutherians. Interestingly, most of the paralogs the chicken XicHR genes are also found in close linkage. The four paralogons (located respectively on chromosomes X, 4, 6 and 13 in human) most probably result from the two whole genome duplications that occured early in the evolution of vertebrates Dehal, P. & Boore, J. L. Two rounds of whole genome duplication in the ancestral vertebrate. PLoS Biol 3, e314 (2005).
11 Chrom. Cdx family Chic family Fip1 family Lnx family Rasl11 family Usp family Wave family Xpct family number Linkage group 1 (Xic, XicHR ): Gene symbol (a) Cdx4 Chic1 Fip1l2 (b) Lnx3 (b) Rasl11c (b) UspL (b) Wave4 (b) Xpct (SLC16A2 ) Zebrafish ENSDARG <> Hit TBLASTN (c) <> <> Hit TBLASTN (c) # # ENSDARG # ENSDARG # ENSDARG Fugu SINFRUG <> SINFRUG <> <> SINFRUG # SINFRUG <> SINFRUG # # SINFRUG Tetraodon # GSTENG Xenopus ENSXETG <> ENSXETG <> Hit TBLASTN (c) <> ENSXETG <> ENSXETG <> ENSXETG <> ENSXETG <> ENSXETG Chicken 4 ENSGALG <> ENSGALG <> ENSGALG <> ENSGALG <> ENSGALG <> ENSGALG <> ENSGALG <> ENSGALG Opossum ENSMODG <> ENSMODG # # AM230659, AM (g) <> AM (g) # # ENSMODG # ENSMODG Dog X ENSCAFG <> Hit TBLASTN (c) <> <> <> <> <> <> ENSCAFG Mouse X ENSMUSG <> ENSMUSG <> <> <> <> <> <> ENSMUSG Human X ENSG <> AL (d) <> <> <> <> <> <> ENSG Linkage group 2 Gene symbol (a) Cdx2 Lnx2 Rasl11a Usp12 Wave3 (Wasf3) Zebrafish # ENSDARG <> ENSDARG Fugu # SINFRUG <> <> SINFRUG <> SINFRUG Tetraodon # GSTENG <> <> GSTENG <> GSTENG Xenopus # ENSXETG <> ENSXETG <> ENSXETG Chicken 1 # ENSGALG <> ENSGALG <> ENSGALG <> ENSGALG Opossum ENSMODG <> <> ENSMODG <> ENSMODG <> ENSMODG <> ENSMODG Dog 25 ENSCAFG <> <> ENSCAFG <> ENSCAFG <> ENSCAFG <> ENSCAFG Mouse 5 ENSMUSG <> <> ENSMUSG <> ENSMUSG <> ENSMUSG <> ENSMUSG Human 13 ENSG <> <> ENSG <> ENSG <> ENSG <> ENSG Mouse 7 ENSMUSG (e) Linkage group 3 Gene symbol (a) Wave1 (Wasf1) SLC16A10 Zebrafish # ENSDARG Fugu SINFRUG # SINFRUG Tetraodon Xenopus ENSXETG <> ENSXETG Chicken 3 ENSGALG <> ENSGALG Opossum Dog 12 ENSCAFG <> ENSCAFG Mouse 10 ENSMUSG <> ENSMUSG Human 6 ENSG <> ENSG Linkage group 4 Gene symbol (a) Chic2 Fip1l1 (Fip1) Lnx1 (Lnx) Rasl11b Usp46 Zebrafish ENSDARG <> ENSDARG # # ENSDARG # Fugu SINFRUG # SINFRUG # SINFRUG # SINFRUG <> SINFRUG Tetraodon # GSTENG # GSTENG <> GSTENG <> GSTENG Xenopus ENSXETG <> ENSXETG <> ENSXETG <> ENSXETG # Chicken 4 ENSGALG <> ENSGALG <> ENSGALG <> ENSGALG <> ENSGALG Opossum ENSMODG <> ENSMODG <> ENSMODG <> ENSMODG <> ENSMODG Dog 13 ENSCAFG <> <> ENSCAFG <> <> ENSCAFG Mouse 5 ENSMUSG <> ENSMUSG <> ENSMUSG <> ENSMUSG <> ENSMUSG Human 4 ENSG <> ENSG <> ENSG <> ENSG <> ENSG Linkage group 5 Gene symbol (a) Wave2 (Wasf2) Zebrafish Fugu SINFRUG Tetraodon Xenopus ENSXETG Chicken Opossum Dog 2 ENSCAFG Mouse 4 ENSMUSG Human 1 ENSG Human X ENSG (f) Linkage group 6 Gene symbol (a) Cdx1 Zebrafish Fugu Tetraodon Xenopus Chicken 13 ENSGALG Opossum Dog Mouse 18 ENSMUSG Human 5 ENSG TABLE S1
12 Table S2: list of alignments identified between chicken XicHR and eutherian Xic genomic sequences Position in Chicken Chicken Eutherian Species Start End Length Score %identity annotation annotation Dog non-coding region Dog non-coding region Human non-coding region Cow non-coding region Mouse non-coding region Human Fip1l exon1 Tsx exon 4 Mouse Fip1l exon1 Tsx exon 4 Human Fip1l exon2 Tsx exon 5 Mouse Fip1l exon2 Tsx exon 5 Cow non-coding region Mouse non-coding region Human Fip1l exon3 Tsx exon 6 Mouse non-coding region Human Fip1l exon5 Human Fip1l exon8 Human non-coding region Human non-coding region Human Fip1l exon12 Cow non-coding region Mouse non-coding region Cow non-coding region Mouse non-coding region Human Lnxl exon9 Xist exon h5/m6 Cow non-coding region Cow non-coding region Mouse non-coding region Cow non-coding region Mouse non-coding region Dog Lnxl exon3 Xist exon h4/m4 Human Lnxl exon3 Xist exon h4/m4 Mouse non-coding region Human non-coding region within Xist exon 1 Dog non-coding region Xist (by similarity) Dog non-coding region Xist (by similarity) Human non-coding region Human non-coding region Dog non-coding region Human non-coding region Human non-coding region Dog non-coding region Human non-coding region Mouse non-coding region Dog Rasl exon4 Cow Rasl exon4 Mouse non-coding region Dog Rasl exon3 Cow Rasl exon3 Dog Rasl exon2 Cow Rasl exon2 Cow Rasl exon1 Dog Rasl exon1 Human non-coding region Human non-coding region Cow non-coding region Dog non-coding region Dog non-coding region Cow non-coding region Cow non-coding region Cow non-coding region Human non-coding region Cow non-coding region Mouse non-coding region Dog non-coding region Cow non-coding region Mouse non-coding region Mouse non-coding region Cow non-coding region Human non-coding region Dog non-coding region Cow non-coding region Mouse non-coding region Dog non-coding region Dog non-coding region Mouse non-coding region Human non-coding region Dog non-coding region Mouse non-coding region
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