Neuroscience 201A Exam Key, October 7, 2014
|
|
- Elfreda Wilcox
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Neuroscience 201A Exam Key, October 7, 2014 Question #1 7.5 pts Consider a spherical neuron with a diameter of 20 µm and a resting potential of -70 mv. If the net negativity on the inside of the cell (all of the excess anions) were uniformly distributed within the volume of the cell rather than being glommed onto the inner surface of the plasma membrane, what would the concentration of these ions be (in M)? Assume that these are all univalent ions. Assume that the capacitance of the plasma membrane is the standard 1 µf/cm 2. Page 1
2 Question # pts Imagine that you have a squid neuron with a single population of leak channels, which are cation channels with permeability to only Na + and K +. The concentrations of permeant ions on each side of the membrane are as follows: Ion Na + K + Outside 550 mm 20 mm Inside 55 mm 440 mm a) If the resting membrane potential of the cell is -63 mv, calculate g Na /g K for the leak channels. (You are encouraged to use conductances for this problem (not permeabilities). b) If the squid neuron is spherical with a diameter of 200 µm, if the leak conductance of its membrane is 0.3 ms/cm 2, and if the conductance of a single leak channel is 10 ps, calculate the average density of leak channels in the membrane, as # per µm 2. Page 2
3 Question # pts The above figure illustrates a set of current responses (a, lower traces) to voltage steps (a, top traces) for a population of channels in a neuron with physiological solutions bathing the inside and outside of the cell. (Conventional graphics inward current is downward and negative in sign). There are leak channels in this cell s membrane in addition to the voltage dependent channels. Page 3 a) What is the leakage conductance of this cell (the conductance attributable to all of the leak channels)? Assume that the resting potential is -50 mv. The leak channels are the ones open at rest. If you step the membrane potential to a value different than rest (rest = E rev for the leak channels), then you will see an immediate current (immediate because the channels are already open). The arrow in (a) points to this current. The current is about x 10-9 A, and the driving force, V m E rev, is -140-(-50) mv = -90 mv. From Ohm s law, g L = is about 0.8 ns. This is a LOT smaller than the conductance due to the cation channels that open in response to hyperpolarization (which can be calculated from the slope of the straight line in (b)), which is about 13 ns. b) In part b is shown an IV curve for the early current after the potential is stepped from -140 mv to the indicated value in the graph. What is the reversal potential for this channel? To what ion or ions do you suspect that this channel is permeable? How would you test your hypothesis? If you think that this channel is permeable to multiple ions, how would you measure the permeability ratios (P 1 :P 2, where 1 and 2 represent different ions). Reversal potential is about -35 mv. This does not match the equilibrium potential for any single ion, except perhaps that for chloride when the chloride transporters are not yet fully expressed during early development. The best guess is that it s a cation channel with a slightly different g Na /g K than the AMPA
4 or nicotinic receptor channels that we have discussed. How do you test whether any particular hypothesis about the permeability of an ion channel is correct? You change the concentration of the hypothesized permeant ions on one or the other side of the membrane and look to see if this shifts E rev for the channel. If a channel is permeable to a single ion, then a 10-fold change in the concentration of that ion on either side of the membrane will produce a ~60 mv shift in E rev. If, alternatively, the channel is permeable to multiple ions, such as sodium and potassium, then a 10-fold change in one of them will produce less than a ~60 mv shift in E rev. (In fact, the sum of the changes to a 10-fold change in each ion s concentration gradient will be ~60 mv.) Note that by clamping the cell at E Na and looking for outward currents does NOT guarantee that these currents are potassium currents, and correspondingly, clamping at E K does not insure that the remaining inward currents are sodium currents. You ve got to change concentrations and look for shifts in E rev to make this assessment. Once you have established which ions flow across the channel, you can use the GHK equation (P or G version) to calculate the ratio of permeabilities or conductances. Page 4
5 Question #4 15 pts The following figure is taken from a paper on voltage-dependent calcium channels and shows the peak currentvoltage relation for a single population of channels. Page 5 a) Data shown as squares were collected under control conditions. From these data, construct a curve of peak conductance vs. voltage for this channel, over the range of -60 mv to +60 mv. b) The data shown in circles were collected using a drug (the circle drug ). Provide a plausible hypothesis about what the circle drug does to alter the IV curve for this channel. What sort of evidence (obtained in an experiment of your choosing) would support this hypothesis? The data shown in triangles were collected in the presence of a different drug (the triangle drug ). c) The figure supports the possibility that one of the two drugs (circle, triangle) alters the ion selectivity of the channels. Which drug is this, and on what do you base your assertion? a) Here the idea is to do what H&H did in their second 1952 paper (116: ) and convert from current to conductance using Ohm s Law. From the data, we can assume that E rev for the channel is +50 mv. The data is below. Note that the closer you get to E rev, the greater the error, since you are dividing by a number, the driving force, that is approaching zero. The point at +60 mv has a lower conductance that those at mv. This is not likely to signify that fewer channels open with a stronger depolarization (which would require a much more complicated model for how the channel works) but rather just that there s more error. Most conductance curves like this one will reach a maximum and stay there with stronger and stronger depolarizations (or hyperpolarizations, if that s what opens the channel).
6 b) The circle drug does not change E rev, but it greatly increases total current. Either there are more channels opening (more likely), or the conductance of the open channel is larger (less likely, since this might be expected to change selectivity and allow more potassium to pass, which would shift E rev to more negative values). One way to get more channels to open in response to a depolarization is to remove inactivation. If this drug removed inactivation of some of the calcium channels, more would be available to open and more would open, without necessarily changing the activation sensitivity of the channels. One way to test for this possibility is to see if you can eliminate the effect of the drug by delivering a pre-pulse to a large negative membrane potential, which should remove all inactivation from the channels. Upon stepping the membrane potential to, say, 0 mv, you will get a very large current, and the circle drug should not further enhance the current. Another possibility is that the drug makes the channel more sensitive to voltage, such that more open in response to a depolarization of any magnitude. This would help explain the apparent shift in voltage sensitivity of the channel, such that the clamp potential at which the current peaks is shifted from +10 mv to 0 mv. However (and I might be wrong about this), simply increasing the voltage sensitivity would not be expected to increase the maximal conductance, and in this instance, the maximal conductance is 2-3x times greater in the presence of the circle drug. The other possibility is that the circle drug increases the conductance of a single channel; the same number of channels open, but each passes more current. One challenge is to do this without changing selectivity, which is not changed (E rev ). If, somehow, Nature could manage this, then you would expect to find that the open channel conductance would be increased. c) The triangle drug is likely to be the one that alters the selectivity of the channel, since E rev is changed from about +50 mv to a bit less than +40 mv. This drug might, for example, reduce the calcium selectivity of the channel and introduce some potassium (out) movement. If the conductance of an open channel were constant, it s unlikely that the modest change in selectivity could explain the reduction of current that is observed. Page 6
7 Question # pts The following passage recently appeared in the News & Views section of one of the journals with a one word name. Gliomas, a common brain tumor, frequently induce epileptic seizures as they grow, but it is not clear why. LastName et al. (XXXX) show that the epileptic activity in the brain around gliomas happens because neurons respond anomalously to the neurotransmitter g-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Usually GABA turns neurons off, but when gliomas are nearby, it turns them on instead. What do you hypothesize that gliomas are doing to neurons that would allow GABA to depolarize them enough to fire them? Describe an experimental test of your prediction. Assume that you can whole cell record/clamp from neurons in slices with gliomas nearby and that you can activate GABAergic inputs onto these cells. Nearly all of you suggested that GABA is acting by driving the membrane of neurons near gliomas towards a E rev that is more positive than in the control case: more positive than threshold. There are two possibilities here: the first is that GABA gates a Cl - with a E Cl that is less negative than normal. This is the actual explanation for the work cited in the News & Views article. If E Cl is less negative than normal, then the Cl - gradient must be more shallow than normal, and this may occur either because intracellular Cl - is higher than normal or because extracellular is lower than normal. The second possibility is not very likely, since it would require that in the same general volume there are two different concentrations of extracellular Cl -. More likely is the possibility that intracellular Cl - is elevated, and this may occur because the chloride potassium (KCC2) symporter (which carries Cl - out of the cell using the K + electrochemical gradient) is inhibited or down regulated. How would you test for this? The simplest way would be to activate the GABA synaptic input while clamping the postsynaptic cell and to measure E rev for the input. E GABA (E rev ) should be more positive for neurons nearer gliomas in the slice. But how would you know that this was because of a change in E Cl and not simply a change in the selectivity of the GABA receptor (the second possible explanation for why E rev might be more positive near gliomas)? The cleanest approach here would be to measure E rev before and after changing the Cl - equilibrium (Nernst) potential. If the channel is selective entirely for Cl -, then a 10-fold change in E Cl will produce a ~60 mv shilft in E rev(gaba). You could also propose measuring Cl - concentration directly inside the cell, and I think that there are some fluorescent indicators dyes that allow you do to that (not sure whether they are proven to be useful in this situation). If E rev is more depolarized because the channel is no longer selective to Cl - but has cation or sodium permeability as well, then when you change E Cl - by 10 fold, you should get less than a 60 mv shift in E rev. Likewise, in this case you will get a shift in E rev when you change, for example, E Na. Note that it would be difficult to increase extracellular Cl - above its normal level, since the outside of the cell is approximately isotonic NaCl: an additional increase would produce a hypertonic solution and make the cell swell. Page 7
8 Question #6 10 pts The figure above, taken from the slide set on synaptic transmission, illustrates an example of a result in which N, the physiologically measured number of releasable quanta, was equal to the number of synaptic boutons (each of which is thought to contain a single active zone). The data above is interpreted as supporting a univesicular release model for this synapse. a) An alternative possible explanation for the data above is that release is multivesicular, but that a single quantum of transmitter saturates the AMPA receptors at the synaptic site. The data shown on the left (Fig. 4) argue against this possibility. Explain why. b) What sources of intersite quantal variance are likely to be at play in this experimental arrangement? Page 8
9 Suggested answer to question #6 (previous page): (a) The data shown in the top part of the previous page is equally compatible with a univesicular model of release, with or without saturation of AMPARs with a single quantum of transmitter, or with a multivesicular model of release, with saturation of AMPARs with a single quantum of transmitter. What result in the lower figure suggests that there is not multivesicular release? The finding that the efficacy (% block) with DGG is the same at two different extracellular calcium concentrations, which produce very different sized EPSCs, suggests that release is not multivesicular. Had it been multivesicular, one would have expected DGG to more effectively better at the lower extracellular calcium concentration. (b) We covered several possible sources of intersite quantal variability in class, including variability in the amount of glutamate packaged in a vesicle (assuming no saturation of glurs with a quantum), variability in the number of glurs postsynaptically or in their properties, variability in the anatomy of the synapse (escape routes for glu, glial cells nearby with glu transporters). To get full credit, you had to add that another source of variability is the distance between the recording site (the cell body) and each of the sites (see figure, top of previous page, lower left panel). Sites that are more distant may produce smaller and slower responses, or maybe not (now that you know about things like synaptic scaling). Note that variations in N or p are not sources of quantal variability, since we are talking about single quantalresponses and not about trial-to-trial variability in the number of quanta released. Question #7 (Please write your response to this question on a separate page, if you are completing the exam in paper format.) How are high selectivity and high rate of transport through ion channels achieved simultaneously? Do you think Na + can permeate through a Ca 2+ -selective ion channel? If yes, under what conditions? Please explain your answers. 15 pts High selectivity of ion channels is achieved with high-affinity binding sites for the permeant ion in the selectivity filter. The high rate of transport is achieved by placing several such binding sites in close proximity to each other, so that when all or majority of the binding sites are occupied by permeant ions, the electrostatic repulsion between the ions reduces binding affinity and significantly shortens the time the ions dwell in pore. Na + can permeate through Ca 2+ selective channels in the absence of Ca 2+. Under these conditions Na + can occupy Ca 2+ -binding sites in the pore and go through the channel. When Ca 2+ is present, it outcompetes Na + and does not allow it to bind in the pore. Page 9
10 Question #8 (Please write your response to this question on a separate page, if you are completing the exam in paper format.) What is the role of S1, S2 and S3 transmembrane helices of the voltage-gated ion channels in the mechanism of voltage sensitivity? Do you think it would be possible to construct a simpler voltage-sensor domain that would consist of S4 domain only? Please explain your answers. 15 pts S4 helix has several positively charged amino acid residues that must be stabilized within the hydrophobic environment of the lipid membrane. S1 S3 helixes provide negatively charged/polar residues that form a transmembrane translocation pathway that allows S4 helix to exist and move within the lipid membrane. There are additional benefits of S1-S3 helixes. Specific states of the S4 helix (such as open and closed) can be stabilized as compared to intermediate states. Also, S1-S3 helixes form a foundation that S4 helix uses to apply force to the pore domain. All the factors mentioned above make it very unlikely that a VSD can be constructed of S4 helix only. Page 10
Membrane Potentials, Action Potentials, and Synaptic Transmission. Membrane Potential
Cl Cl - - + K + K+ K + K Cl - 2/2/15 Membrane Potentials, Action Potentials, and Synaptic Transmission Core Curriculum II Spring 2015 Membrane Potential Example 1: K +, Cl - equally permeant no charge
More informationChannels can be activated by ligand-binding (chemical), voltage change, or mechanical changes such as stretch.
1. Describe the basic structure of an ion channel. Name 3 ways a channel can be "activated," and describe what occurs upon activation. What are some ways a channel can decide what is allowed to pass through?
More informationNeurophysiology. Danil Hammoudi.MD
Neurophysiology Danil Hammoudi.MD ACTION POTENTIAL An action potential is a wave of electrical discharge that travels along the membrane of a cell. Action potentials are an essential feature of animal
More informationLojayn Salah. Zaid R Al Najdawi. Mohammad-Khatatbeh
7 Lojayn Salah Zaid R Al Najdawi Mohammad-Khatatbeh Salam everyone, I made my best to make this sheet clear enough to be easily understood let the party begin :P Quick Revision about the previous lectures:
More informationRahaf Nasser mohammad khatatbeh
7 7... Hiba Abu Hayyeh... Rahaf Nasser mohammad khatatbeh Mohammad khatatbeh Brief introduction about membrane potential The term membrane potential refers to a separation of opposite charges across the
More informationSide View with Rings of Charge
1 Ion Channel Biophysics Describe the main biophysical characteristics of at least one type of ionic channel. How does its biophysical properties contribute to its physiological function. What is thought
More informationCELL BIOLOGY - CLUTCH CH. 9 - TRANSPORT ACROSS MEMBRANES.
!! www.clutchprep.com K + K + K + K + CELL BIOLOGY - CLUTCH CONCEPT: PRINCIPLES OF TRANSMEMBRANE TRANSPORT Membranes and Gradients Cells must be able to communicate across their membrane barriers to materials
More informationIon Channel Structure and Function (part 1)
Ion Channel Structure and Function (part 1) The most important properties of an ion channel Intrinsic properties of the channel (Selectivity and Mode of Gating) + Location Physiological Function Types
More informationChapter 9. Nerve Signals and Homeostasis
Chapter 9 Nerve Signals and Homeostasis A neuron is a specialized nerve cell that is the functional unit of the nervous system. Neural signaling communication by neurons is the process by which an animal
More informationPhysiology Unit 2. MEMBRANE POTENTIALS and SYNAPSES
Physiology Unit 2 MEMBRANE POTENTIALS and SYNAPSES In Physiology Today Ohm s Law I = V/R Ohm s law: the current through a conductor between two points is directly proportional to the voltage across the
More informationPhysiology Unit 2. MEMBRANE POTENTIALS and SYNAPSES
Physiology Unit 2 MEMBRANE POTENTIALS and SYNAPSES Neuron Communication Neurons are stimulated by receptors on dendrites and cell bodies (soma) Ligand gated ion channels GPCR s Neurons stimulate cells
More information9.01 Introduction to Neuroscience Fall 2007
MIT OpenCourseWare http://ocw.mit.edu 9.01 Introduction to Neuroscience Fall 2007 For information about citing these materials or our Terms of Use, visit: http://ocw.mit.edu/terms. 9.01 Recitation (R02)
More informationThe Membrane Potential
The Membrane Potential Graphics are used with permission of: adam.com (http://www.adam.com/) Benjamin Cummings Publishing Co (http://www.aw.com/bc) ** It is suggested that you carefully label each ion
More informationNerve Signal Conduction. Resting Potential Action Potential Conduction of Action Potentials
Nerve Signal Conduction Resting Potential Action Potential Conduction of Action Potentials Resting Potential Resting neurons are always prepared to send a nerve signal. Neuron possesses potential energy
More information9 Generation of Action Potential Hodgkin-Huxley Model
9 Generation of Action Potential Hodgkin-Huxley Model (based on chapter 12, W.W. Lytton, Hodgkin-Huxley Model) 9.1 Passive and active membrane models In the previous lecture we have considered a passive
More informationChapter 48 Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling
Chapter 48 Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling Concept 48.1 Neuron organization and structure reflect function in information transfer Neurons are nerve cells that transfer information within the body Neurons
More informationMEMBRANE POTENTIALS AND ACTION POTENTIALS:
University of Jordan Faculty of Medicine Department of Physiology & Biochemistry Medical students, 2017/2018 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ Review: Membrane physiology
More informationNeurons and Nervous Systems
34 Neurons and Nervous Systems Concept 34.1 Nervous Systems Consist of Neurons and Glia Nervous systems have two categories of cells: Neurons, or nerve cells, are excitable they generate and transmit electrical
More informationLESSON 2.2 WORKBOOK How do our axons transmit electrical signals?
LESSON 2.2 WORKBOOK How do our axons transmit electrical signals? This lesson introduces you to the action potential, which is the process by which axons signal electrically. In this lesson you will learn
More informationMembrane Protein Channels
Membrane Protein Channels Potassium ions queuing up in the potassium channel Pumps: 1000 s -1 Channels: 1000000 s -1 Pumps & Channels The lipid bilayer of biological membranes is intrinsically impermeable
More informationPropagation& Integration: Passive electrical properties
Fundamentals of Neuroscience (NSCS 730, Spring 2010) Instructor: Art Riegel; email: Riegel@musc.edu; Room EL 113; time: 9 11 am Office: 416C BSB (792.5444) Propagation& Integration: Passive electrical
More informationACTION POTENTIAL. Dr. Ayisha Qureshi Professor MBBS, MPhil
ACTION POTENTIAL Dr. Ayisha Qureshi Professor MBBS, MPhil DEFINITIONS: Stimulus: A stimulus is an external force or event which when applied to an excitable tissue produces a characteristic response. Subthreshold
More informationNeurons, Synapses, and Signaling
Chapter 48 Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling PowerPoint Lecture Presentations for Biology Eighth Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece Lectures by Chris Romero, updated by Erin Barley with contributions
More informationOverview of ion channel proteins. What do ion channels do? Three important points:
Overview of ion channel proteins Protein Structure Membrane proteins & channels Specific channels Several hundred distinct types Organization Evolution We need to consider 1. Structure 2. Functions 3.
More informationThe Membrane Potential
The Membrane Potential Graphics are used with permission of: Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings (http://www.aw-bc.com) ** It is suggested that you carefully label each ion channel
More informationNeurons, Synapses, and Signaling
LECTURE PRESENTATIONS For CAMPBELL BIOLOGY, NINTH EDITION Jane B. Reece, Lisa A. Urry, Michael L. Cain, Steven A. Wasserman, Peter V. Minorsky, Robert B. Jackson Chapter 48 Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling
More informationNeurons: Cellular and Network Properties HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY POWERPOINT
POWERPOINT LECTURE SLIDE PRESENTATION by LYNN CIALDELLA, MA, MBA, The University of Texas at Austin Additional text by J Padilla exclusively for physiology at ECC UNIT 2 8 Neurons: PART A Cellular and
More informationNeurons, Synapses, and Signaling
Chapter 48 Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling PowerPoint Lectures for Biology, Eighth Edition Lectures by Chris Romero, updated by Erin Barley with contributions from Joan Sharp and Janette Lewis Copyright
More informationNervous Systems: Neuron Structure and Function
Nervous Systems: Neuron Structure and Function Integration An animal needs to function like a coherent organism, not like a loose collection of cells. Integration = refers to processes such as summation
More informationGeneral Physics. Nerve Conduction. Newton s laws of Motion Work, Energy and Power. Fluids. Direct Current (DC)
Newton s laws of Motion Work, Energy and Power Fluids Direct Current (DC) Nerve Conduction Wave properties of light Ionizing Radiation General Physics Prepared by: Sujood Alazzam 2017/2018 CHAPTER OUTLINE
More informationQuantitative Electrophysiology
ECE 795: Quantitative Electrophysiology Notes for Lecture #1 Tuesday, September 18, 2012 1. INTRODUCTION TO EXCITABLE CELLS Historical perspective: Bioelectricity first discovered by Luigi Galvani in 1780s
More informationBIOLOGY. 1. Overview of Neurons 11/3/2014. Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling. Communication in Neurons
CAMPBELL BIOLOGY TENTH EDITION 48 Reece Urry Cain Wasserman Minorsky Jackson Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling Lecture Presentation by Nicole Tunbridge and Kathleen Fitzpatrick 1. Overview of Neurons Communication
More informationIntroduction to electrophysiology. Dr. Tóth András
Introduction to electrophysiology Dr. Tóth András Topics Transmembran transport Donnan equilibrium Resting potential Ion channels Local and action potentials Intra- and extracellular propagation of the
More informationQuantitative Electrophysiology
ECE 795: Quantitative Electrophysiology Notes for Lecture #1 Wednesday, September 13, 2006 1. INTRODUCTION TO EXCITABLE CELLS Historical perspective: Bioelectricity first discovered by Luigi Galvani in
More informationBasic elements of neuroelectronics -- membranes -- ion channels -- wiring
Computing in carbon Basic elements of neuroelectronics -- membranes -- ion channels -- wiring Elementary neuron models -- conductance based -- modelers alternatives Wires -- signal propagation -- processing
More informationPNS Chapter 7. Membrane Potential / Neural Signal Processing Spring 2017 Prof. Byron Yu
PNS Chapter 7 Membrane Potential 18-698 / 42-632 Neural Signal Processing Spring 2017 Prof. Byron Yu Roadmap Introduction to neuroscience Chapter 1 The brain and behavior Chapter 2 Nerve cells and behavior
More informationOverview Organization: Central Nervous System (CNS) Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) innervate Divisions: a. Afferent
Overview Organization: Central Nervous System (CNS) Brain and spinal cord receives and processes information. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) Nerve cells that link CNS with organs throughout the body.
More informationNeuron. Detector Model. Understanding Neural Components in Detector Model. Detector vs. Computer. Detector. Neuron. output. axon
Neuron Detector Model 1 The detector model. 2 Biological properties of the neuron. 3 The computational unit. Each neuron is detecting some set of conditions (e.g., smoke detector). Representation is what
More information7 Membrane Potential. The Resting Membrane Potential Results From the Separation of Charges Across the Cell Membrane. Back.
Back 7 Membrane Potential John Koester Steven A. Siegelbaum INFORMATION IS CARRIED WITHIN and between neurons by electrical and chemical signals. Transient electrical signals are particularly important
More informationلجنة الطب البشري رؤية تنير دروب تميزكم
1) Hyperpolarization phase of the action potential: a. is due to the opening of voltage-gated Cl channels. b. is due to prolonged opening of voltage-gated K + channels. c. is due to closure of the Na +
More information3 Detector vs. Computer
1 Neurons 1. The detector model. Also keep in mind this material gets elaborated w/the simulations, and the earliest material is often hardest for those w/primarily psych background. 2. Biological properties
More informationBasic elements of neuroelectronics -- membranes -- ion channels -- wiring. Elementary neuron models -- conductance based -- modelers alternatives
Computing in carbon Basic elements of neuroelectronics -- membranes -- ion channels -- wiring Elementary neuron models -- conductance based -- modelers alternatives Wiring neurons together -- synapses
More informationNeuroPhysiology and Membrane Potentials. The Electrochemical Gradient
NeuroPhysiology and Membrane Potentials Communication by neurons is based on changes in the membrane s permeability to ions This depends on the presence of specific membrane ion channels and the presence
More informationChapter 1 subtitles Ion gradients
CELLULAR NEUROPHYSIOLOGY CONSTANCE HAMMOND Chapter 1 subtitles Ion gradients Introduction In this first chapter, I'll explain the basic knowledge required to understand the electrical signals generated
More informationPotassium channel gating and structure!
Reading: Potassium channel gating and structure Hille (3rd ed.) chapts 10, 13, 17 Doyle et al. The Structure of the Potassium Channel: Molecular Basis of K1 Conduction and Selectivity. Science 280:70-77
More informationModule Membrane Biogenesis and Transport Lecture 15 Ion Channels Dale Sanders
Module 0220502 Membrane Biogenesis and Transport Lecture 15 Ion Channels Dale Sanders 9 March 2009 Aims: By the end of the lecture you should understand The principles behind the patch clamp technique;
More informationOT Exam 1, August 9, 2002 Page 1 of 8. Occupational Therapy Physiology, Summer Examination 1. August 9, 2002
Page 1 of 8 Occupational Therapy Physiology, Summer 2002 Examination 1 August 9, 2002 Dr. Heckman's section is questions 1-6 and each question is worth 5 points for a total of 30 points. Dr. Driska's section
More informationControl and Integration. Nervous System Organization: Bilateral Symmetric Animals. Nervous System Organization: Radial Symmetric Animals
Control and Integration Neurophysiology Chapters 10-12 Nervous system composed of nervous tissue cells designed to conduct electrical impulses rapid communication to specific cells or groups of cells Endocrine
More informationIntroduction to electrophysiology 1. Dr. Tóth András
Introduction to electrophysiology 1. Dr. Tóth András Topics Transmembran transport Donnan equilibrium Resting potential Ion channels Local and action potentials Intra- and extracellular propagation of
More informationMathematical Foundations of Neuroscience - Lecture 3. Electrophysiology of neurons - continued
Mathematical Foundations of Neuroscience - Lecture 3. Electrophysiology of neurons - continued Filip Piękniewski Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
More informationNervous Tissue. Neurons Neural communication Nervous Systems
Nervous Tissue Neurons Neural communication Nervous Systems What is the function of nervous tissue? Maintain homeostasis & respond to stimuli Sense & transmit information rapidly, to specific cells and
More informationLecture 2. Excitability and ionic transport
Lecture 2 Excitability and ionic transport Selective membrane permeability: The lipid barrier of the cell membrane and cell membrane transport proteins Chemical compositions of extracellular and intracellular
More informationNeuroscience: Exploring the Brain
Slide 1 Neuroscience: Exploring the Brain Chapter 3: The Neuronal Membrane at Rest Slide 2 Introduction Action potential in the nervous system Action potential vs. resting potential Slide 3 Not at rest
More informationResting membrane potential,
Resting membrane potential Inside of each cell is negative as compared with outer surface: negative resting membrane potential (between -30 and -90 mv) Examination with microelectrode (Filled with KCl
More informationNervous Tissue. Neurons Electrochemical Gradient Propagation & Transduction Neurotransmitters Temporal & Spatial Summation
Nervous Tissue Neurons Electrochemical Gradient Propagation & Transduction Neurotransmitters Temporal & Spatial Summation What is the function of nervous tissue? Maintain homeostasis & respond to stimuli
More informationCELLULAR NEUROPHYSIOLOGY CONSTANCE HAMMOND
CELLULAR NEUROPHYSIOLOGY CONSTANCE HAMMOND Chapter 1 Zoom in on Patch configurations In the jargon of electrophysiologists, a patch is a piece of neuronal membrane. Researchers invented a technique known
More informationNEURONS Excitable cells Therefore, have a RMP Synapse = chemical communication site between neurons, from pre-synaptic release to postsynaptic
NEUROPHYSIOLOGY NOTES L1 WHAT IS NEUROPHYSIOLOGY? NEURONS Excitable cells Therefore, have a RMP Synapse = chemical communication site between neurons, from pre-synaptic release to postsynaptic receptor
More informationNeurons, Synapses, and Signaling
CAMPBELL BIOLOGY IN FOCUS URRY CAIN WASSERMAN MINORSKY REECE 37 Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling Lecture Presentations by Kathleen Fitzpatrick and Nicole Tunbridge, Simon Fraser University SECOND EDITION
More information37 Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling
CAMPBELL BIOLOGY IN FOCUS Urry Cain Wasserman Minorsky Jackson Reece 37 Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling Lecture Presentations by Kathleen Fitzpatrick and Nicole Tunbridge Overview: Lines of Communication
More informationVertebrate Physiology 437 EXAM I NAME, Section (circle): am pm 23 September Exam is worth 100 points. You have 75 minutes.
1 Vertebrate Physiology 437 EXAM I NAME, Section (circle): am pm 23 September 2004. Exam is worth 100 points. You have 75 minutes. True or False (write true or false ; 10 points total; 1 point each) 1.
More informationSynaptic dynamics. John D. Murray. Synaptic currents. Simple model of the synaptic gating variable. First-order kinetics
Synaptic dynamics John D. Murray A dynamical model for synaptic gating variables is presented. We use this to study the saturation of synaptic gating at high firing rate. Shunting inhibition and the voltage
More informationVoltage-clamp and Hodgkin-Huxley models
Voltage-clamp and Hodgkin-Huxley models Read: Hille, Chapters 2-5 (best Koch, Chapters 6, 8, 9 See also Hodgkin and Huxley, J. Physiol. 117:500-544 (1952. (the source Clay, J. Neurophysiol. 80:903-913
More informationBiomedical Instrumentation
ELEC ENG 4BD4: Biomedical Instrumentation Lecture 5 Bioelectricity 1. INTRODUCTION TO BIOELECTRICITY AND EXCITABLE CELLS Historical perspective: Bioelectricity first discovered by Luigi Galvani in 1780s
More informationVoltage-clamp and Hodgkin-Huxley models
Voltage-clamp and Hodgkin-Huxley models Read: Hille, Chapters 2-5 (best) Koch, Chapters 6, 8, 9 See also Clay, J. Neurophysiol. 80:903-913 (1998) (for a recent version of the HH squid axon model) Rothman
More informationInformation processing. Divisions of nervous system. Neuron structure and function Synapse. Neurons, synapses, and signaling 11/3/2017
Neurons, synapses, and signaling Chapter 48 Information processing Divisions of nervous system Central nervous system (CNS) Brain and a nerve cord Integration center Peripheral nervous system (PNS) Nerves
More informationBIOL Week 5. Nervous System II. The Membrane Potential. Question : Is the Equilibrium Potential a set number or can it change?
Collin County Community College BIOL 2401 Week 5 Nervous System II 1 The Membrane Potential Question : Is the Equilibrium Potential a set number or can it change? Let s look at the Nernst Equation again.
More informationElectrical Properties of the Membrane
BIOE 2520 Electrical Properties of the Membrane Reading: Chapter 11 of Alberts et al. Stephen Smith, Ph.D. 433 Biotech Center shs46@pitt.edu Permeability of Lipid membrane Lipid bilayer is virtually impermeable
More informationIonic basis of the resting membrane potential. Foundations in Neuroscience I, Oct
Ionic basis of the resting membrane potential Foundations in Neuroscience I, Oct 3 2017 The next 4 lectures... - The resting membrane potential (today) - The action potential - The neural mechanisms behind
More informationIntroduction to CNS neurobiology: focus on retina
Introduction to CNS neurobiology: focus on retina September 27, 2017 The retina is part of the CNS Calloway et al., 2009) 1 Retinal circuits: neurons and synapses Rods and Cones Bipolar cells Horizontal
More informationStructure and Measurement of the brain lecture notes
Structure and Measurement of the brain lecture notes Marty Sereno 2009/2010!"#$%&'(&#)*%$#&+,'-&.)"/*"&.*)*-'(0&1223 Neurons and Models Lecture 1 Topics Membrane (Nernst) Potential Action potential/voltage-gated
More informationChapter 2 Cellular Homeostasis and Membrane Potential
Chapter 2 Cellular Homeostasis and Membrane Potential 2.1 Membrane Structure and Composition The human cell can be considered to consist of a bag of fluid with a wall that separates the internal, or intracellular,
More informationNervous Lecture Test Questions Set 2
Nervous Lecture Test Questions Set 2 1. The role of chloride in a resting membrane potential: a. creates resting potential b. indirectly causes repolarization c. stabilization of sodium d. it has none,
More informationNeural Modeling and Computational Neuroscience. Claudio Gallicchio
Neural Modeling and Computational Neuroscience Claudio Gallicchio 1 Neuroscience modeling 2 Introduction to basic aspects of brain computation Introduction to neurophysiology Neural modeling: Elements
More informationOrganization of the nervous system. Tortora & Grabowski Principles of Anatomy & Physiology; Page 388, Figure 12.2
Nervous system Organization of the nervous system Tortora & Grabowski Principles of Anatomy & Physiology; Page 388, Figure 12.2 Autonomic and somatic efferent pathways Reflex arc - a neural pathway that
More informationThe Neuron - F. Fig. 45.3
excite.org(anism): Electrical Signaling The Neuron - F. Fig. 45.3 Today s lecture we ll use clickers Review today 11:30-1:00 in 2242 HJ Patterson Electrical signals Dendrites: graded post-synaptic potentials
More informationNervous System AP Biology
Nervous System 2007-2008 Why do animals need a nervous system? What characteristics do animals need in a nervous system? fast accurate reset quickly Remember Poor think bunny! about the bunny signal direction
More informationBIOELECTRIC PHENOMENA
Chapter 11 BIOELECTRIC PHENOMENA 11.3 NEURONS 11.3.1 Membrane Potentials Resting Potential by separation of charge due to the selective permeability of the membrane to ions From C v= Q, where v=60mv and
More informationCells have an unequal distribution of charge across their membrane: more postiive charges on the outside; more negative charges on the inside.
Resting Membrane potential (V m ) or RMP Many cells have a membrane potential (Vm) that can be measured from an electrode in the cell with a voltmeter. neurons, muscle cells, heart cells, endocrine cells...
More informationParticles with opposite charges (positives and negatives) attract each other, while particles with the same charge repel each other.
III. NEUROPHYSIOLOGY A) REVIEW - 3 basic ideas that the student must remember from chemistry and physics: (i) CONCENTRATION measure of relative amounts of solutes in a solution. * Measured in units called
More informationMEMBRANE STRUCTURE. Lecture 9. Biology Department Concordia University. Dr. S. Azam BIOL 266/
MEMBRANE STRUCTURE Lecture 9 BIOL 266/4 2014-15 Dr. S. Azam Biology Department Concordia University RED BLOOD CELL MEMBRANE PROTEINS The Dynamic Nature of the Plasma Membrane SEM of human erythrocytes
More informationNEURONS, SENSE ORGANS, AND NERVOUS SYSTEMS CHAPTER 34
NEURONS, SENSE ORGANS, AND NERVOUS SYSTEMS CHAPTER 34 KEY CONCEPTS 34.1 Nervous Systems Are Composed of Neurons and Glial Cells 34.2 Neurons Generate Electric Signals by Controlling Ion Distributions 34.3
More informationCh. 5. Membrane Potentials and Action Potentials
Ch. 5. Membrane Potentials and Action Potentials Basic Physics of Membrane Potentials Nerve and muscle cells: Excitable Capable of generating rapidly changing electrochemical impulses at their membranes
More informationAction Potentials and Synaptic Transmission Physics 171/271
Action Potentials and Synaptic Transmission Physics 171/271 Flavio Fröhlich (flavio@salk.edu) September 27, 2006 In this section, we consider two important aspects concerning the communication between
More informationCh 8: Neurons: Cellular and Network Properties, Part 1
Developed by John Gallagher, MS, DVM Ch 8: Neurons: Cellular and Network Properties, Part 1 Objectives: Describe the Cells of the NS Explain the creation and propagation of an electrical signal in a nerve
More information2002NSC Human Physiology Semester Summary
2002NSC Human Physiology Semester Summary Griffith University, Nathan Campus Semester 1, 2014 Topics include: - Diffusion, Membranes & Action Potentials - Fundamentals of the Nervous System - Neuroanatomy
More informationIonic gradients, membrane potential and ionic currents Constance Hammond
C H A P T E R 3 c0015 Ionic gradients, membrane potential and ionic currents Constance Hammond O U T L I N E u0010 u0015 u0020 3.1 There is an unequal distribution of ions across neuronal plasma membrane.
More informationBME 5742 Biosystems Modeling and Control
BME 5742 Biosystems Modeling and Control Hodgkin-Huxley Model for Nerve Cell Action Potential Part 1 Dr. Zvi Roth (FAU) 1 References Hoppensteadt-Peskin Ch. 3 for all the mathematics. Cooper s The Cell
More informationThe nerve impulse. INTRODUCTION
The nerve impulse. INTRODUCTION Axons are responsible for the transmission of information between different points of the nervous system and their function is analogous to the wires that connect different
More informationNaseem Demeri. Mohammad Alfarra. Mohammad Khatatbeh
7 Naseem Demeri Mohammad Alfarra Mohammad Khatatbeh In the previous lectures, we have talked about how the difference in permeability for ions across the cell membrane can generate a potential. The potential
More informationBalance of Electric and Diffusion Forces
Balance of Electric and Diffusion Forces Ions flow into and out of the neuron under the forces of electricity and concentration gradients (diffusion). The net result is a electric potential difference
More informationBio 449 Fall Exam points total Multiple choice. As with any test, choose the best answer in each case. Each question is 3 points.
Name: Exam 1 100 points total Multiple choice. As with any test, choose the best answer in each case. Each question is 3 points. 1. The term internal environment, as coined by Clause Bernard, is best defined
More information9 Generation of Action Potential Hodgkin-Huxley Model
9 Generation of Action Potential Hodgkin-Huxley Model (based on chapter 2, W.W. Lytton, Hodgkin-Huxley Model) 9. Passive and active membrane models In the previous lecture we have considered a passive
More informationBIOLOGY 11/10/2016. Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling. Concept 48.1: Neuron organization and structure reflect function in information transfer
48 Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling CAMPBELL BIOLOGY TENTH EDITION Reece Urry Cain Wasserman Minorsky Jackson Lecture Presentation by Nicole Tunbridge and Kathleen Fitzpatrick Concept 48.1: Neuron organization
More informationNervous System Organization
The Nervous System Nervous System Organization Receptors respond to stimuli Sensory receptors detect the stimulus Motor effectors respond to stimulus Nervous system divisions Central nervous system Command
More informationEditorial. What is the true resting potential of small cells? Jean-Marc Dubois
Gen. Physiol. Biophys. (2000), 19, 3 7 3 Editorial What is the true resting potential of small cells? Jean-Marc Dubois In order to understand almost anything, it is necessary to first obtain a measurement
More informationNeurons, Synapses, and Signaling
Chapter 48 Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling PowerPoint Lecture Presentations for Biology Eighth Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece Lectures by Chris Romero, updated by Erin Barley with contributions
More informationElectrophysiology of the neuron
School of Mathematical Sciences G4TNS Theoretical Neuroscience Electrophysiology of the neuron Electrophysiology is the study of ionic currents and electrical activity in cells and tissues. The work of
More informationBIOLOGY. Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling CAMPBELL. Reece Urry Cain Wasserman Minorsky Jackson
CAMPBELL BIOLOGY TENTH EDITION Reece Urry Cain Wasserman Minorsky Jackson 48 Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling Lecture Presentation by Nicole Tunbridge and Kathleen Fitzpatrick Lines of Communication The
More informationThis script will produce a series of pulses of amplitude 40 na, duration 1ms, recurring every 50 ms.
9.16 Problem Set #4 In the final problem set you will combine the pieces of knowledge gained in the previous assignments to build a full-blown model of a plastic synapse. You will investigate the effects
More informationUNIT I INTRODUCTION TO ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK IT 0469 NEURAL NETWORKS
UNIT I INTRODUCTION TO ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK IT 0469 NEURAL NETWORKS Elementary Neuro Physiology Neuron: A neuron nerve cell is an electricallyexcitable cell that processes and transmits information
More information