Sneak Preview. The Human Body. Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology Black and white edition

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1 Sneak Preview The Human Body Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology Black and white edition By Bruce Wingerd Included in this preview: Copyrights Preface A Note to Students Table of Contents Chapter 1 For additional information on adopting this book for your class, please contact us at x71 or via at info@universityreaders.com

2 THE HUMAN BODY Essentials of Anatomy & Physiology Second Color Edition Bruce Wingerd

3 Bruce Wingerd is Associate Dean of Biology at Broward Community College in Florida and previously taught at San Diego State University for 25 years. He has taught human anatomy, advanced human anatomy, medical terminology, and anatomy and physiology. Between his numerous writing projects, he has run workshops on teaching anatomy and physiology for the benefit of local high school and junior high school teachers. Copyright 2008 by Bruce Wingerd All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or using any other information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. First published in the United States of America in 2007 by University Readers Printed in the United States of America The Human Body: Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology is a revised and condensed version of The Human Body: Concepts of Anatomy and Physiology, first published by Brooks/Cole in Illustration program provided courtesy of Thomson Learning and Jennifer Riggin. ISBN: (paper) A study guide along with fullcolor versions of all illustrations are available to students enrolled in a class using this textbook. Go to

4 PREFACE gling through the mountains of terminology in anatomy and dents learn the essential information by using the process of concept building. If a student is able to form a mental image of a technical term s meaning or a process, learning becomes easier and lasts longer due to the mental connections that mation and technologies. THE APPROACH AND MAIN THEME or literal description, the student is encouraged to visualize course, some memorizing is unavoidable, but providing stuof learning, the result can lead to personal and professional The Human Body: Concepts of Anatomy and Physiology to make the book an even better tool for learning. Many sugideas have arisen from the changes that have occurred in scian improved learning tool for students. It remains my hope NEW TO THE SECOND EDITION in the original text, in addition to recognizing opportunities general, this second edition is a more balanced text that inmore readerfriendly style. The level of information has been terms added and others deleted. Explanations of many physi Human anatomy and physiology is a challenging topic for introductorylevel learners, and mastering the material requires an investment of time and effort. The second edition of The Human Body meets this challenge by providing an approach that encourages learning. The approach includes three the aid of conceptbuilding tools, and using the process of Integrating Structure and Function book s main approach is to establish a comfortable balance of structure and function for the beginning student. At the out tion of a particular system. The more detailed information terms needed to fully understand and communicate function are provided. Then function is described, using the buildingdiscussion, the functional importance of a structure is emphasized. Learning with ConceptBuilding Tools The book s approach is also based on the notion that learncomplete if a conceptual foundation is provided. Numerous conceptbuilding tools are employed to establish this foundation. Each tool enables a student to establish a mental image The conceptual foundation is reinforced by logical explanainformation, and many highquality illustrations that correspond directly to the text material.

5 ii Preface The Theme of Homeostasis The main theme of the text is the body s remarkable ability to despite changing conditions, the body components involved in its maintenance, and the consequences of the body s fail throughout. In many chapters, the role of body tissues, organs, and systems in maintaining and supporting homeostasis the importance of homeostasis in the daily maintenance of health, this vital body function is also presented as a separate topic at the end of most chapters. This feature serves to con discussed in the chapter. IMPROVED COVERAGE Every chapter in the second edition of The Human Body: Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology includes improvements tions of colleagues and students, and in response to changing than others. Chapter 2: The Chemical Basis of the Body dents, but it doesn t need to be if it is presented clearly. To make the introduction of chemistry more accessible for stu Chapter 3: Cells: The Basis of Life the past decade, mainly due to an increased understanding membrane function. Chapter 4: Tissues ing of tissues and their functional relationship to structure is illustrations. Chapter 8: Organization of the Nervous System The nervous system is an extremely complex body system. teach and learn. To make this task more reasonable, the chap tion for beginning students. Chapter 13: The Cardiovascular System The cardiovascular system has been studied intensively for mal structure and function, and also on pathology and medical treatment of cardiovascular disease. In an effort to bring CONCEPTBUILDING TOOLS incorporated into the text to assist student learning. Chapter Openers introductory paragraphs summarize and integrate the main Concepts and Concepts Checks concept statements are provided. The concept statement iden sential information that should be learned. For each chapter there is a list of questions called Concepts Check. The questions are designed to engage the student in thinking about the key points in the section in order to extend a helping hand in learning. The questions are located in the free online stu Tables and Figures Tables concisely organize and summarize large blocks of in companied by a question that challenges the student to take legend questions are provided in the free online student resources.

6 Preface iii Health Clinic and Sports Clinic vided in special boxes called Health Clinic in every chapter. in the second edition. In each case, they are based on recent information from research publications, such as The New England Journal of Medicine,, Nature, and Science. Also, selected topics that relate text material to sports activities are provided in special boxes called Sports Clinic. This information has also been updated. The careful selection and placement of Health Clinic and Sports Clinic topics in the text serve to reinforce the concepts, and also may spark further interest in the learning material. Additional Clinics are located in the free online student resources. Pronunciation Guides and Word Part Origins parentheses. The learning process is also strengthened if students are informed of the actual meaning of terms, based on Chapter Review Questions in the online student resource guide. Additionally, the online Glossary A Glossary is provided in the online student resources. It contains all of the terms emphasized in boldface and italic type in the text.

7 iv Preface

8 Note to the Student v A NOTE TO THE STUDENT A NOTE TO THE STUDENT The Human Body: Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology, Second Edition, contains a number of features that are defrom these features you must be able to recognize them and same body organ or to the same condition often share the card = heart + itis = the material. sources for students at: card = heart + ology derma = skin + itis epi = outer + dermis that usually appears in the text after the term in parentheses. If a pronunciation cannot be found, look up the term in the Glossary in the online resources. Pronunciation guides are goals of the chapter. It is best to return to this list after studyprimary learning goals and learn if you have achieved them. Concepts the Glossary. PRONUNCIATION KEY vided in parentheses next to the term. To pronounce the term properly, read the phonetic spelling literally and out loud if Concepts Check questions immediately after reading the section. If you re mind. vided in the online resource pertaining to each chapter of the text, giving you an opportunity to quiz yourself after read Concepts Check boxes in the online resources. examples: oo as in blue oh as in boat air as in fair oy as in oil ah as in father (FAHther) ture of the human body s incredible design of structure and tools that are intended to give you a helping hand. But suc

9 vi Note to the Student my personal experience, and the experience of thousands of

10 Contents vii TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 1. to the Human Body 1 Basic Terminology The Body Plan Homeostasis Chapter 2. The Chemical Basis of the Body 17 Chapter 3. Cells: The Basis of Life 39 The Extracellular Environment The Intracellular Environment The Nucleus Interphase

11 viii Contents Chapter 4. Tissues 63 Epithelial Tissue Glandular Epithelium Bone BloodForming Tissue and Blood Muscle Tissue Nervous Tissue Membranes Mucous Membranes Chapter 5. The Integumentary System 93 Epidermis Hair Nails Hypodermis Chapter 6. The Skeletal System 105 Types of Bone Parts of a Long Bone

12 Contents ix Intramembranous Bones Endochondral Bones Joints Fibrous Joints Homeostasis Chapter 7. The Muscular System 143 Production of Movement Group Actions Muscles of the Head and Neck Upper Limb Muscles Trunk Muscles Homeostasis

13 x Contents Chapter 8. Organization of the Nervous System 179 Nervous Tissue Neuroglia Neurons The Brain Homeostasis Chapter 9. Special Senses and Other Functional Aspects 213 of the Nervous System Integrative Functions Thought and Memory Motor Functions

14 Contents xi Chapter 10. The Endocrine System 239 Hormones Hormonal Action The Endocrine Glands Pituitary Gland Thyroid Gland Parathyroid Glands Adrenal Glands Pancreas Gonads Pineal Gland Thymus Homeostasis Chapter 11. The Blood 263 Functions of Blood Properties of Blood Plasma Plasma Proteins Formed Elements Erythrocytes Leukocytes Platelets Hemostasis Platelet Plug Formation Blood Groups Homeostasis and the Blood

15 xii Contents Chapter 12. The Cardiovascular System 281 The Heart Heart Valves Heart Physiology Blood Vessels Arteries and Arterioles Venules and Veins Blood Pressure Homeostasis Chapter 13. The Lymphatic System 317 Lymphatic Vessels Movement of Lymph Lymph Nodes Thymus Gland Tonsils Peyer s Patches Innate Immunity Acquired Immunity Homeostasis

16 Contents xiii Chapter 14. The Respiratory System 337 Nose Pharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchial Tree Lungs Mechanics of Breathing Inspiration Expiration Exchange of Gases Factors That Affect Breathing Homeostasis Chapter 15. The Digestive System 357 Peritoneum Mouth Tongue Teeth Pharynx Esophagus Pancreas Liver Gallbladder Large intestine Homeostasis: Nutrition and metabolism

17 xiv Contents Chapter 16. The Urinary System 389 Kidneys Kidney Functions Ureters Urinary bladder Urethra Micturition Homeostasis Chapter 17. The Reproductive System 407 Testes Accessory glands External Genitalia Neural Mechanisms Hormonal Mechanisms External Genitalia Mammary Glands Neural Mechanisms Hormonal Mechanisms Chapter 18. Human Development and Inheritance 429 Prenatal development Fertilization Parturition Lactation Genetic Inheritance

18 CHAPTER 1 to the Human Body Chapter Outline and Learning Objectives After studying this chapter you should be able to: Movement Growth Reproduction Basic Terminology Directional Terms Body Planes The Body Plan Body Regions Body Cavities Homeostasis: The Balance of Life Process of Homeostasis Health and Disease 1

19 2 Chapter 1 how these issues might affect you or your loved ones and our wellbeing and these types of articles tend to intensify that our chances of falling victim to failing health: we can learn and use information that is available about body structure and Your interest in your health and that of others may have Knowledge of normal structure and function is essential for This chapter begins your study of human body structure opens by introducing the sciences of structure and function: learn about the delicate balance that is maintained every day Anatomy and Physiology Defined Concept: The study of the human body is an interdisciplinary at many levels. The traditional study of the human body is divided into two Anatomy Anatomy of the anatomist is to answer the basic questions: where is it other body parts? The most important tool of the anatomist in determin mists relied on their eyesight during postmortem (after death) observations resulted in a library of artistic drawings and de a basic understanding of gross anatomy of body structure that is visible without the aid of a micro microanatomy clude powerful electron microscopes capable of amplifying body components by as many as one million times! Other advanced instruments have also been added to the anato surface anatomy medical anatomy A study of microanatomy that focuses on the study of cells cytology histology systematic anatomy is an approach that studies body structure within a given organ system, Regional anatomy, tures within a given region

20 to the Human Body 3 Physiology Physiology tion often focuses on the ways in which the body attempts the body obtains and manages the use of energy in order to Concepts Check studying the body? Structural Levels of Organization Concepts: Body structure is organized by a series of building block components, going from simple to complex. Health depends upon every level functioning properly. structural levels of organiza tion Chemical Level is the chemical level Chemicals are substances that cannot type of chemical is the atom matter that contains its own unique set of physical proper molecules. macromolecules Cellular Level Molecules and macromolecules may combine together to cellular organelles cell. each cell performs the functions that are necessary to sustain Tissue Level Cells usually form connections with other cells or cell prod tissues. The individual cells that form a tissue are usually simi tissue performing a more widespread function that provides epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous. Organ Level organ. Organs consist of two or more different types

21 4 Chapter 1 System Level combined function is the digestion of food into nutrients that A system

22 to the Human Body 5 The Eleven Systems of the Body gonads vessels removal of dead and diseased and nitrogenous waste levels in

23 6 Chapter 1 The Complete Organism The organism Concepts Check that of a building? The Characteristics of Life Concept: All living cells are capable of organization, metabolism, movement, excitability, growth, and reproduction. something that is alive and something that is not? Biologists Organization organization Metabolism The process by which the body obtains and uses energy is called metabolism as digestion either used immediately by the cell or is stored within mole They are called anabolism catabolism and tissues from simple molecules; it is the process of growth reducing them into simple molecules for the purpose of releasing energy that is immediately available to power body Movement The constant movement of molecules within and around a necessary for the transport of vital materials in and out of a that are necessary ingredients for anabolic and catabolic pro Without these materials the cell would be unable to manufacture important molecules or produce energy to power its Excitability The capability of a cell to respond to changes in its environment is called excitability An environmental

24 to the Human Body 7 stimuli maintain the body in a stable state despite changes that occur Growth All cells are capable of growth at some stage in their life his result of anabolic activities that produce new molecules from. In organisms that contain produces the organismal growth that occurs during childhood Reproduction or tissue that is due to the increased number of cells is called Concepts Check acteristic of life? Basic Terminology Concept: The language used to describe the human body is universal, with an established set of terms. One of the greatest challenges that a health professional faces universal understood in all nations despite different native languages and is in general use in universities and hospitals around the are descriptive of the body part or function that they are used hypothalamus which is a part of the brain that lies below the thalamus in the hypo thalamus renal tubule ren tubule erythrocyte (erythro = red + cyte Directional Terms The set of terms that are used to describe the location of a body structure relative to another is directional terminology. It is a valuable tool in anatomy because it abbreviates oth you wish to describe the location of the heart to someone who The universally accepted position of the body that is used anatomical position. arms at the sides and the toes and palms turned forward (Fig that you will be using throughout your study are presented

25 8 Chapter 1 Descriptive Terms Superior (cranial) Toward the head end or The heart is superior to Inferior (caudal) Away from the head end or The chest is inferior anterior side of the down the posterior Deep (internal) Away from the surface of the The heart lies deep Sectional Planes threedimensional bodies is partly solved by the use of planes section any direction so that it may pass through the body at a certain The frontal plane coronal plane The sagittal plane ittal plane dividing the body into equal right and left halves is called midsagittal called parasagittal

26 to the Human Body 9

27 10 Chapter 1 Body Regions able are called regions head, the neck trunk upper appendages lower appendages. thorax, pelvis. simply called the back abdomen, and section Concepts Check transverse plane cross ing the location of body parts instead of more common on top of below to the side? tures? The Body Plan Concept: The human body is divided into regions. Some regions contain spaces called cavities that house organs.

28 to the Human Body 11 Body Cavities cavi ties membranes (membranes membrane covers the outer surface of organs that are con referred to as the parietal layer while the inner membrane is called the visceral layer visceral organs dorsal cavity cranial cavity within vertebral canal Body Regions Head Face Cranium Abdomen Pelvis Brachium (upper arm) Antebrachium (forearm) Carpus (wrist) Manus (hand) Palm Digits Femoral (thigh) Knee Crus (leg) Pes (foot) Sole Digits

29 12 Chapter 1 The larger ventral cavity is in the anterior (ventral) side thoracic cavity and a lower portion called the abdominopelvic cavity. The two are diaphragm The thoracic cavity is bordered on its anterior side by The bones of the ribcage and vertebral column provide the attached to the thoracic wall (the parietal pleura) and the This narrow cavity is called the pleural (PLOOral) cavity collectively referred to as the mediastinum vic cavity is divided into two main cavities that are separated abdominal cavity pelvic cavity lies below the iliac crests and is in the shape of a bowl that membranes of the abdominopelvic cavity include the large between an outer membrane (the parietal pericardium) and an pericardial (pairihkardeeal) cavity. the peritoneal cavity

30 to the Human Body 13 The abdominopelvic cavity is divided yet further into ternal body parts and in relating sources of pain on the surseparated by invisible lines that are similar to the latitudinal Concepts Check cavities does each contain in turn? may be further divided into smaller regions? quadrants

31 14 Chapter 1 Homeostasis: The Balance of Life Concept: Homeostasis is the process by which the internal environment of the body is kept relatively stable despite changes in the world around us. vided by the contraction of small groups of muscles that are. This reduces the amount of heat that is normally lost through the surface of the isms that are wellsuited for invading our cells and destroying How are we able to survive in this world of changing envi is called homeostasis The term also refers to the process by which the body maintains a stable internal The Process of Homeostasis functions are of vital importance because a failure in any one of them can lead to disease or even death within a relatively, functions as a thermothermostat in your house: when the temperature is perceived

32 to the Human Body 15 The process of homeostasis is also active when the body volume of heatcarrying blood from the deeper regions of the homeostatic mechanisms are performed in one of two ways: Negative Feedback negative feedback Positive Feedback Positive feedback mechanisms are quite rare in the healthy your house is wired so that an increase in room temperature Health and Disease steady state demands that all body systems are operating efprovides the individual with a level of physical health and

33 16 Chapter 1 as disease and moderately good health that falls somewhat short of the this continuum and the ideal state of optimum health much of Concepts Check