Marine Invertebrate Zoology Phylum Cnidaria

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "Marine Invertebrate Zoology Phylum Cnidaria"

Transcription

1 Marine Invertebrate Zoology Phylum Cnidaria Introduction Cnidarians are the simplest animals with definite tissues; the cnidarian body consists of two well-defined tissue layers and a third intervening layer of gelatinous material, the mesoglea, which varies in structure among the three classes of cnidarians. The outer epidermis layer covers the external surface of the body, and the inner gastrodermis layer lines a single internal body cavity. In the simplest cnidarians, Class Hydrozoa, the mesoglea is thin and gelatinous; in the Class Scyphozoa, the mesoglea is fibrous and contains amoeboid cells; and in the Class Anthozoa, the mesoglea has many amoeboid cells. The Cnidarians and the related Phylum Ctenophora are especially noted for their prominent radial symmetry. For this reason, these two groups are commonly referred to as the radiate phyla. The name Cnidaria is derived from the cnidoblasts, special cells, which produce the nematocysts or stinging capsules characteristic of this phylum. The related Phylum Ctenophora derives its name, meaning comb-bearer, from its characteristic eight rows of comb plates, or ctenes, which serve for locomotion. The Cnidaria exhibits two basic body forms: an attached polyp stage and a free-swimming medusa stage. Many species exhibit both a polyp stage and a medusa stage, and their life cycles involve an alternation of these two body forms or generations. Two other important distinguishing characteristics of the phylum include tentacles around the mouth and a diffuse nerve net, which provides a modest degree of nervous coordination. Classification The phylum is divided into three classes: Class Hydrozoa (Hydroids and Siphonophores) Animals usually have both polyp and medusa in the life cycle, medusae with a velum, and gonads on radial canals of medusae. Mesoglea is thin and gelatinous; well-defined epidermis and gastrodermis. Freshwater and marine species. Examples: Obelia, Tubularia, Halocordyle, Hydractinia, and Physalia (Portuguese man-of-war). Class Scyphozoa (True Jellyfish) Mainly large marine jellyfish with abundant mesoglea, polyp stage reduced, no velum in medusae. Mesoglea containing fibers and amoeboid cells. All marine. Examples: Aurelia, Chrysaora (sea nettle), and Stomolophus Class Anthozoa (Sea Anemones and Corals) Solitary or colonial animals with polyp stage only, medusa absent, pharynx or gullet present, gastrovascular cavity partitioned by septa. Mesoglea with many amoeboid cells. All marine. Examples: Aiptasia (sea anemone), Astrangia (coral), Gorgonia (sea fan), and Renilla (sea pansy) CFCC Page 1 9/10/2014

2 A Colonial Polyp: Obelia Class Hydrozoa Laboratory Procedures Obelia is a colonial marine cnidarian which illustrates the complex life cycle with alternating polyp and medusa stages found in many cnidarians. Examine a stained whole mount of the polyp or asexual stage of Obelia and study its organization. Like many colonial animals, Obelia exhibits polymorphism or morphological specialization of its members. Therefore you can distinguish two different kinds of individuals in an Obelia colony, feeding polyps or gastrozooid and reproductive polyps or gonozooid. The feeding polyps bear tentacles armed with nematocysts, a mouth, a hypostome, and a delicate outer covering, the hydrotheca. Note that the gonozooid have no mouth or tentacles. How do they receive their nutrition? The gastrozooid and gonozooid are attached to a main stem, which consists of a cylindrical tube of living tissue. Alternation of Generations The life cycle of Obelia illustrates the alternation of generations characteristic of the Phylum Cnidaria. In the life cycle of Obelia, the polyp generation produces medusa buds within its gonozooid. The tiny, short-lived medusae escape into the plankton and produce either eggs or sperm. Fertilized eggs develop into ciliated planula larvae, which swim about in the sea for a time and settle to transform into a new polyp. Buds transformed by asexual reproduction of the polyp do not detach, thus forming a colony. The sexual stage of Obelia is a free-swimming medusa. Observe a stained whole mount of an Obelia medusa and observe its structure. Draw a picture of an Obelia medusa. Obelia Lifecycle CFCC Page 2 9/10/2014

3 A Portuguese Man-of-war: Physalia Class Hydrozoa The Portuguese man-of-war Physalia, is a complex colonial hydrozoan (Class Hydrozoa, Order Siphonophora) exhibiting a high degree of polymorphism. A single colony may consist of as many as 1,000 individuals and several types of polypoid and medusoid forms. The familiar iridescent colonies of Physalia are commonly found along the beaches of Florida, the South Atlantic, the Gulf of Mexico, and, sometimes, as far north as Cape Cod. The most prominent feature of Physalia is a gas-filled float above, which is a sail-like crest. Physalia is transported by winds and oceanic currents, and its normal habitat is the open sea rather than the sandy beach where it is most often seen (and sometimes felt!) by bathers. The sting from the nematocysts on the tentacles of Physalia can be painful when touched but is rarely dangerous, except to highly sensitive individuals. Below the float are suspended numerous tentacles and other structures made up of several kinds of modified polyps and medusae. Thus, Physalia is an unusual cnidarian since a single colony contains both polypoid and medusoid individuals of several types closely joined together, in contrast to separate polypoid and medusoid generations. Observe a preserved Physalia and identify the float, the crest, and the tentacles. VeIelIa and Porpita are two related colonial hydrozoans often seen on the pacific coast and less often in the Gulf of Mexico and South Atlantic. Both exhibit polymorphism and habits similar to Physalia. A Scyphozoan Jellyfish: Aurelia Class Scyphozoa Aurelia is a common, widely distributed marine jellyfish. Large specimens may reach 30 centimeters (12 inches) in diameter. The polyp form, called a scyphistoma, is small, sessile, and lives attached to rocks and other submerged objects in shallow coastal waters. Study a preserved specimen of Aurelia to learn about the organization of a scyphozoan medusa. You will not need to dissect the specimen, since the transparent body readily shows most important features. Handle the specimen with care and return it for study by another student. Observe the four-part radial symmetry and locate the four long oral arms arising from the corners of the square mouth. Along the arms find the many short oral tentacles that help to capture food (small planktonic animals), which are then moved toward the mouth along the ciliated groove on the oral side of each arm. After passing through the mouth, the food enters the gastrovascular cavity. Internally the gastrovascular cavity is divided into four gastric pouches. A ring of gastric filaments within each gastric pouch immobilizes or kills any food organisms still active. The gastric filaments bear many nematocysts. Four horseshoe-shaped gonads surround the ring of gastric filaments within the four gastric pouches. Observe the complex branching system of radial canals that distribute food materials from the gastric pockets to other parts of the bell, and an outer circular canal around the margin of the bell. Also, around the margin of the bell, locate the eight marginal sense organs. These marginal organs are sensitive organs of touch and balance. Reproduction and Life Cycle Mature Aurelia medusae release gametes from the gonads into the gastrovascular cavity. The gametes exit from the mouth and fertilization is external. The fertilized eggs or zygotes develop into ciliated planula larvae, which may be retained for a time on the oral arms of the medusa and later, settle to the sea bottom. There the larvae develop into a small, trumpet-shaped polyp, called a scyphistoma. CFCC Page 3 9/10/2014

4 Under appropriate environmental conditions, the scyphistoma transforms into a strobila. The strobila develops and releases by transverse fission a series of saucershaped ephyra larvae, which bear marginal sense organs and other medusoid features. The ephyra larvae gradually transform into adult jellyfish to complete the life cycle. Study the following demonstration materials and draw a scyphistoma. 1. Scyphistoma of Aurelia or other scyphozoan (preserved or microscope slide). 2. Planula and ephyra larvae of Aurelia (microscope slide). 3. Strobila stage of Aurelia (microscope slide). A Sea Anemone Class Anthozoa Sea anemones are typically sessile cnidarians that attach to rocks, shells, pilings, and other hard substrates in the sea. Some species, however, burrow in soft bottoms or are even free-swimming. All nonetheless represent the polyp form of the cnidarians; the medusa generation is totally lacking in this class. The anemones and other Anthozoa represent the highest degree of specialization of the cnidarian polyp. The basic features of the anthozoan polyp are well illustrated below. Select a preserved sea anemone and identify the mouth in the center of the oral disc surrounded by many short oral tentacles, and the basal disc, which attaches to rocks or other hard substrates. Observe the feeding of living anemones in an aquarium (if available) to better understand the interaction of the tentacles and ciliary currents on the oral disc and in the gullet during the feeding process. The gastrovascular cavity is partially divided into sections by thin vertical walls of tissue called septa. Some septa attach to the central gullet; others (partial or incomplete septa) bear thickened septal filaments on their free inner margins. The septal filaments extend below the partial septa as thin, twisted, threadlike acontia. The acontia bear numerous nematocysts and act to subdue living prey taken into the gastrovascular cavity. Observe the sea anemone under the dissecting scope. Using a teasing needle pierce the side of the anemone and observe the acontia as they flow out. Place a short piece of acontium on a clean glass slide. Place a drop of water on the acontium and cover with a cover slip. Using the compound microscope observe the acontium under 40x and sketch the specimen as it appears. Try to indicate which nematocysts are discharged and undischarged. Nematocysts Reproduction and Life Cycle Reproduction in anthozoans and most other anemones is both asexual and sexual. Some anemones reproduce asexually by splitting longitudinally (longitudinal fission), but the main asexual means of reproduction is pedal laceration. Bits of tissue from the pedal disc are split from the anemone as the animal moves along the substrate. These tissue pieces later regenerate an entire small anemone, literally in the footsteps of its parent. Sexual reproduction occurs seasonally when gametes are released from the gonads on the partial septa into the gastrovascular cavity. The gametes are released and are fertilized in the sea. The fertilized eggs develop into free-swimming planula larvae. After a period as planktonic larvae, the planula settles on some hard substrate and metamorphoses into an anemone. CFCC Page 4 9/10/2014

5 Corals Class Anthozoa Most anthozoans are corals, the largest and best known of which are the stony or scleractinian corals (Order Zoantharia) and the octocorals (Subclass Alcyonaria), which includes the soft and horny corals. Corals, like all anthozoans, have only a polyp form. There is no medusa stage in the life cycle. The polyp of a stony coral resembles a sea anemone, although the individual polyps are generally smaller than those of anemones. The coral polyp sits in a cup on the surface of a calcareous exoskeleton secreted by the lower portion of the column and epidermis. Extending inward from the wall of the cylindrical cup are several calcareous septa, which extend from the sides and base of the cup into folds of the basal tissue of the polyp. These tissue-covered septa partially subdivide the gastrovascular cavity inside the polyp into several chambers. Most stony corals are colonial, and adjacent polyps are connected by lateral extensions of the body wall, which cover the intervening stony skeleton of the colony. These sheets of lateral tissue also contribute to the formation of the skeleton by their secretions and serve to connect the gastrovascular cavities of adjacent polyps. Many growth forms occur among the stony corals, and most species exhibit characteristic skeletons. A few species are solitary and occur as large individual polyps. Some stony corals contain symbiotic algae (zooxanthellae), and many interesting studies have been conducted on the physiological and biochemical interactions of these symbionts. Among the stony corals are several reef-building species, which are largely responsible for the formation of many coral reefs in warmer parts of the oceans, including those in the Bahama Islands, off the Florida Keys, and of the Great Barrier Reef of Australia. Some examples of stony corals are Fungia, a solitary coral; Astrangia danae, the Atlantic star coral; Oculina, the eyed coral; and Diploria and Meandrina, brain corals. The octocorals exhibit strong eight-part (octamerous) radial symmetry and have an endoskeleton consisting of separate microscopic pieces (spicules). A tough, horny organic material is also present in some species. This group is especially prominent in tropical waters and includes the sea fans, sea whips; the sea pens, the sea pansies, the organ pipe coral, and the precious red coral (Corallium) used for jewelry. Study the demonstration materials illustrating several types of coral and draw several different types. Identify each type of coral that you draw. Examinations 1. Living sea anemones and/or corals in a marine aquarium. 2. Representative preserved anemones. 3. Assortment of preserved corals and dried coral skeletons. *Material for this lab was taken from: Lytle, C.F, and Woodsedalek, J.E. General Zoology WM. C. Brown Publishers 1991 Hopkins, P.M. and Smith, D.G. Introduction to Zoology Morton Publishing 1997 Sumich, J.L. and Dudley, G. Laboratory and field investigations in marine life McGraw Hill 1998 CFCC Page 5 9/10/2014

6 CFCC Page 6 9/10/2014

7 Name Review Questions 1. From which structures is the phylum Cnidaria derived? 2. In the Obelia (colonial hydroid) lifecycle which stage reproduces sexually and which reproduces asexually? 3. What is the function of the strobila in the scyphozoan lifecycle? 4. Briefly, describe two methods that sea anemones use in asexual reproduction. 5. What is the function of acontia in the sea anemone? CFCC Page 7 9/10/2014

Lab 2 Phylum Porifera and phylum Cnidaria. Grantia. Phylum Porifera. Kingdom :- Animalia. Phylum:- Porifera. Class:- Calcarea. Order:- Leucosolenida

Lab 2 Phylum Porifera and phylum Cnidaria. Grantia. Phylum Porifera. Kingdom :- Animalia. Phylum:- Porifera. Class:- Calcarea. Order:- Leucosolenida Lab 2 Phylum Porifera and phylum Cnidaria Phylum Porifera Adults sessile and attached Radial symmetry or asymmetrical Multi-cellular ; loose aggregation of cells Skeleton made of collagen and spicules

More information

Chapter 8. Sponges, Cnidarians, Comb Jellies, and Marine Worms

Chapter 8. Sponges, Cnidarians, Comb Jellies, and Marine Worms Chapter 8 Sponges, Cnidarians, Comb Jellies, and Marine Worms Cnidarians: Animals with Stinging Cells Phylum Cnidaria Includes hydroids, corals, and sea anemones Coelenterate: synonym Named for their cnidocytes

More information

What is a Cnidarian?

What is a Cnidarian? Invertebrate What is a Cnidarian? 9000 species of jellyfishes, corals, sea anemones, hydras Mostly marine animals Radially symmetrical One body opening Two layers of cells organized into tissues with specific

More information

Phylum Cnidaria (a stinging thread)

Phylum Cnidaria (a stinging thread) Phylum Cnidaria (a stinging thread) Also known as Phylum Coelenterata (-hollow gut) This phylum contains about 10,000 species worldwide. They are mostly marine with a few freshwater species. Cnidarians

More information

Ph. Porifera and Ph. Cnidaria

Ph. Porifera and Ph. Cnidaria I. Phylum Porifera (sponges; pore bearer ) A. General characteristics 1. simplest animals 2. asymmetric 3. aquatic habitats a. typically marine 4. live alone or in colonies a. often members of reef habitats

More information

Chapter 7. Marine Animals Without a Backbone

Chapter 7. Marine Animals Without a Backbone Chapter 7 Marine Animals Without a Backbone General Characteristics of Animals Multicellular, diploid organisms with tissues, organs or organ systems in most Heterotrophic Require oxygen for aerobic

More information

Dearolf BIOL 220. Freshwater Brackish water Marine Terrestrial Parasitic

Dearolf BIOL 220. Freshwater Brackish water Marine Terrestrial Parasitic CLADE METAZOA Phylum Porifera Hickman Chapter 12 The Origins of Multicellularity Phylum Porifera: Sponges Characteristics of Phylum Porifera (page 248) Figure 12.2 (page 248) Form and Function Figure 12.5

More information

09/12/2012. Classification. Characteristics. Learning Outcome G2. Student Achievement Indicators. Phylum Porifera The Sponges

09/12/2012. Classification. Characteristics. Learning Outcome G2. Student Achievement Indicators. Phylum Porifera The Sponges Learning Outcome G2 Analyse the increasing complexity of the Phylum Porifera and the Phylum Cnidaria Learning Outcome G2 Phylum Porifera & Phylum Cnidaria Student Achievement Indicators Students who have

More information

Chapter 8. Sponges Phylum Porifera Basic characteristics: simple asymmetric sessile

Chapter 8. Sponges Phylum Porifera Basic characteristics: simple asymmetric sessile Chapter 8 Key Concepts Sponges are asymmetric, sessile animals that filter food from the water circulating through their bodies. Sponges provide habitats for other animals. Cnidarians and ctenophores exhibit

More information

Phylum Cnidaria Test True/False Indicate whether the sentence or statement is true or false. Mark a for true and b for false.

Phylum Cnidaria Test True/False Indicate whether the sentence or statement is true or false. Mark a for true and b for false. PLEASE WRITE YOUR NAME HERE: 1 Phylum Cnidaria Test True/False Indicate whether the sentence or statement is true or false. Mark a for true and b for false. 1. Polyps are a body form of cnidarians that

More information

Invertebrate Zoology. Unit 2: Phylums: Porifera, Cnidaria, and Ctenophora

Invertebrate Zoology. Unit 2: Phylums: Porifera, Cnidaria, and Ctenophora Invertebrate Zoology Unit 2: Phylums: Porifera, Cnidaria, and Ctenophora Objective 1: Differentiate between the 3 types of Poriferians (Asconoids, Syconoids, and Leuconoids) and the three main classes

More information

basal animalia porifera, cnidaria

basal animalia porifera, cnidaria basal animalia porifera, cnidaria PHYLUM PORIFERA porifera Sponges, no tissues or organs, cellular level of organization outer layer is made of cells called pinacocytes choanocytes (collar cells) Flagella

More information

Choanoflagellates. Porifera (sponges) Ctenophora (comb jellies) Cnidaria (jellyfish, corals, sea anemones) Acoela (acoels)

Choanoflagellates. Porifera (sponges) Ctenophora (comb jellies) Cnidaria (jellyfish, corals, sea anemones) Acoela (acoels) Choanoflagellates Fungi Choanoflagellates ANIMALIA Porifera (sponges) ANIMALIA Multicellularity Ctenophora (comb jellies) Diploblasty Cnidaria (jellyfish, corals, sea anemones) Acoela (acoels) Triploblasty

More information

Sponge and Cnidarian Review

Sponge and Cnidarian Review Name Period Date Sponge and Cnidarian Review Matching On the lines provided, write the letter of the definition that matches each term. 1. Invertebrate 2. Filter feeder 3. Asymmetry 4. Radial 5. Medusa

More information

Chapter 13. Radiate Animals. Biological Contributions. Biological Contributions. Phylum Cnidaria. Definition. Position in Animal Kingdom

Chapter 13. Radiate Animals. Biological Contributions. Biological Contributions. Phylum Cnidaria. Definition. Position in Animal Kingdom Copyright The McGraw Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Chapter 13 Radiate Animals Position in Animal Kingdom Both phyla Cnidaria and Ctenophora make up the radiate animals.

More information

Notes - Porifera and Cnideria

Notes - Porifera and Cnideria Notes - Porifera and Cnideria - Animals exist on every continent on the planet. Most people consider animals to be the most important kingdom as we are considered animals. But, what is an animal? What

More information

Module 4: Marine Invertebrates I. Kingdom Animalia

Module 4: Marine Invertebrates I. Kingdom Animalia Module 4: Marine Invertebrates I Kingdom Animalia Kingdom Animalia Contains the largest number of species We will split them into 2 large groups Invertebrates- Animals w/o a backbone Vertebrates- Animals

More information

COMPARISON BETWEEN PORIFERA AND CNIDARIA. Colwyn Sleep

COMPARISON BETWEEN PORIFERA AND CNIDARIA. Colwyn Sleep COMPARISON BETWEEN PORIFERA AND CNIDARIA Colwyn Sleep INTRODUCTION Porifera Cnidaria Porifera and Cnidaria are organisms which share similar characteristics with one another. -They are both multicellular,

More information

Sponges and Cnidarians

Sponges and Cnidarians The Animal Kingdom Multicellular Sponges and Cnidarians Biology : Chapter 26 Eukaryotic Heterotrophs Cells lack cell walls 95% are invertebrates What Animals Do to Survive Feeding Response Respiration

More information

Intro to Animals. Chapter 32

Intro to Animals. Chapter 32 Intro to Animals Chapter 32 1) Multicellular Organization (Different cells have different functions) Specialization: adaptation of a cell for a particular function Remember: cells tissues organs organ

More information

Characteristics of Animals

Characteristics of Animals Characteristics of Animals Multicellular Cellular Organization What is this? Heterotrophic Adaptations CHAPTER 9 Cellular Organization 4 Major Functions of Animals Obtain food and water Sustain metabolism

More information

Porifera, Coelenterata, Ctenophora

Porifera, Coelenterata, Ctenophora Porifera, Coelenterata, Ctenophora Contents Animal Classification - Flow Chart... 3 Phylum Porifera... 4 Phylum Cnidaria... 10 Phylum Ctenophora... 16 www.topperlearning.com 2 Animal Classification - Flow

More information

BIOLOGY. An Introduction to Invertebrates CAMPBELL. Reece Urry Cain Wasserman Minorsky Jackson

BIOLOGY. An Introduction to Invertebrates CAMPBELL. Reece Urry Cain Wasserman Minorsky Jackson CAMPBELL BIOLOGY TENTH EDITION Reece Urry Cain Wasserman Minorsky Jackson 33 An Introduction to Invertebrates Lecture Presentation by Nicole Tunbridge and Kathleen Fitzpatrick Figure 33.UN08 Metazoa Eumetazoa

More information

3. Choanoflagellates resemble what? What is the significance of this resemblance?

3. Choanoflagellates resemble what? What is the significance of this resemblance? I. Animal Diversity 1. What are some basic characteristics of the animal kingdom? What characteristics make them different from plants? - Eukaryotic, heterotrophic (we don t make our own food), we store

More information

BIO 221 Invertebrate Zoology I Spring 2010

BIO 221 Invertebrate Zoology I Spring 2010 BIO 221 Invertebrate Zoology I Spring 2010 Stephen M. Shuster Northern Arizona University http://www4.nau.edu/isopod Lecture 10 From Collins et al. 2006 From Collins et al. 2006 Cnidarian Classes Hydrozoa

More information

Zoology Name: Block: Exercise #7: The Sponges, Phylum Porifera Lab Guide

Zoology Name: Block: Exercise #7: The Sponges, Phylum Porifera Lab Guide Zoology Name: Block: Exercise #7: The Sponges, Phylum Porifera Lab Guide Members of the phylum Porifera are considered the simplest metazoans, they are little more than a loose grouping of cells, with

More information

Learning Objectives. The Animal Kingdom: An Introduction to Animal Diversity. Sexual Reproduction

Learning Objectives. The Animal Kingdom: An Introduction to Animal Diversity. Sexual Reproduction Learning Objectives The Animal Kingdom: An Introduction to Animal Diversity Chapter 29 What characters are common to most animals? Advantages and disadvantages of different environments Searching for relationships

More information

Chapter 24 Introduction to Animals

Chapter 24 Introduction to Animals 1 Chapter 24 Introduction to Animals I. Animal characteristics A. General Animal Features Multicellular B. Feeding and Digestion a. acquire nutrients from various sources obtaining nutrients unique to

More information

What creates a coral reef? Why are corals able to form huge reefs?

What creates a coral reef? Why are corals able to form huge reefs? Marine ecosystems 5: Coral Reefs Unique features The foundation of the ecosystem is produced by living things Reef-building corals Similarities with tropical rain forests Richness and complexity 3-dimensional

More information

Animal Diversity I: Porifera, Cnidaria, Ctenophora, Platyhelminthes, Rotifera, Annelida

Animal Diversity I: Porifera, Cnidaria, Ctenophora, Platyhelminthes, Rotifera, Annelida 1 Animal Diversity I: Porifera, Cnidaria, Ctenophora, Platyhelminthes, Rotifera, Annelida Objectives: Be able to distinguish radial symmetry from bilateral symmetry. Be able to identify which of the phyla

More information

Phylum Cnidaria. General Information. Formerly: The Coelenterates

Phylum Cnidaria. General Information. Formerly: The Coelenterates Phylum Cnidaria Formerly: The Coelenterates General Information Habitat Mostly marine A few freshwater (Hydra; freshwater jellyfish Crasspedacusta can be found in Illinois) Life history Alternation of

More information

Unit 2. The pellicle acts as a membrane It maintains the shape of the protozoan but remains flexible Ectoplasm

Unit 2. The pellicle acts as a membrane It maintains the shape of the protozoan but remains flexible Ectoplasm Kingdom Protista A polyphyletic group containing: Unit 2 Polyphyletic- The Protozoans (Unicellular - can be very complex) Individuals may group together to form colonies Colony Specialized organelles Pellicle

More information

C. Body is platelike, no symmetry, organs, muscular or nervous systems present. D. 2-3 mm E. marine F. glide over food and secrete digestive enzyme an

C. Body is platelike, no symmetry, organs, muscular or nervous systems present. D. 2-3 mm E. marine F. glide over food and secrete digestive enzyme an Chapter 9 (multicellularity) I. Similarities A. cells are grouped B. groups of cells are specialized for various functions C. All cells in an organism is interdependent. II. Multicelled life appeared ~

More information

Imagine that you are swimming in warm, tropical waters. Far

Imagine that you are swimming in warm, tropical waters. Far 26 3 Cnidarians Imagine that you are swimming in warm, tropical waters. Far away, delicate jellyfishes float in the ocean currents. Within arm s reach, sea fans sway in the shallow currents. Brightly colored

More information

Sponges and Cnidarians *

Sponges and Cnidarians * OpenStax-CNX module: m48094 1 Sponges and Cnidarians * Miranda Dudzik Based on Sponges and Cnidarians by OpenStax This work is produced by OpenStax-CNX and licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution

More information

Characteristics of Echinoderms

Characteristics of Echinoderms Characteristics of Echinoderms Adult echinoderms have a body plan with five parts organized symmetrically around a center Does not have an anterior nor posterior end or a brain Most echinoderms are two

More information

Animal Body Plans. Aggregate Blind sac Tube-within-a-tube Segmented Molluscan Arthropod. Sponges. Acoelomate -Eucoelomate Annelid Mollusca Arthropoda

Animal Body Plans. Aggregate Blind sac Tube-within-a-tube Segmented Molluscan Arthropod. Sponges. Acoelomate -Eucoelomate Annelid Mollusca Arthropoda Animal Body Plans Aggregate Blind sac Tube-within-a-tube Segmented Molluscan Arthropod Sponges Cnidaria, Ctenophora, Platyhelminthes Acoelomate -Eucoelomate Annelid Mollusca Arthropoda Size Constraints

More information

What is an animal? Introduction to Animals. Germ Layers. Tissues and Organs. Structural Support. Types of Symmetry 11/3/2015

What is an animal? Introduction to Animals. Germ Layers. Tissues and Organs. Structural Support. Types of Symmetry 11/3/2015 What is an animal? Introduction to Animals Multicellular chemoorganoheterotrophs Eukaryotes that lack cell walls and chloroplasts Have mitochondria Are motile at some point in their lives Contain collagen

More information

Marine Life. and Ecology. 2. From phytoplanktons to invertebates

Marine Life. and Ecology. 2. From phytoplanktons to invertebates Marine Life and Ecology 2. From phytoplanktons to invertebates Virtually all primary productivity on land comes from large seaweeds such as these do exist, but they need shallow water where Sunlight is

More information

The Evolution of Animal Diversity. Dr. Stephen J. Salek Biology 130 Fayetteville State University

The Evolution of Animal Diversity. Dr. Stephen J. Salek Biology 130 Fayetteville State University The Evolution of Animal Diversity Dr. Stephen J. Salek Biology 130 Fayetteville State University Create your own animal? Start with a basic plant. Make the plant into a simple animal such as a worm. Consider:

More information

Kingdom Animalia: Phyla Porifera and Cnidaria

Kingdom Animalia: Phyla Porifera and Cnidaria Kingdom Animalia: Phyla Porifera and Cnidaria Essential Question(s): What are key characteristics to the animal kingdom? Objectives: 1. Students will be able to distinguish essential characteristics in

More information

INVERTEBRATE DIVERSITY

INVERTEBRATE DIVERSITY INVERTEBRATE DIVERSITY 1 INVERTEBRATES Animals that lack a backbone Invertebrates 2 1 ANIMAL DEVELOPMENT Meiosis Egg Sperm Zygote Adult Blastula hollow ball of cells in a developing animal Gastrula Stage

More information

Invertebrate Diversity

Invertebrate Diversity CHAPTER 23 Invertebrate Diversity Summary of Key Concepts Concept 23.1 Diverse animals share several key characteristics. (pp. 494 496) More than a million living species of animals are organized into

More information

Chapter 14. Coral Reefs

Chapter 14. Coral Reefs Chapter 14 Coral Reefs What is a coral reef? - Coral reefs are massive complex structures made of limestone (CaCO3) deposited by living organisms - Most established coral reefs are between 5,000 and 10,000

More information

Marine Invertebrates in the Paleozoic Seas

Marine Invertebrates in the Paleozoic Seas Marine Invertebrates in the Paleozoic Seas The fossils of shell-bearing invertebrates that inhabited shallow seas are common in Paleozoic rocks. Archaeocyathids, sponges, corals, bryozoans, trilobites,

More information

Radiolaria and the Rock Record

Radiolaria and the Rock Record 1 Radiolaria and the Rock Record Radiolarians are important constituents of chert at certain times in geologic history. Their tests accumulate on the seafloor today to form radiolarian ooze, particularly

More information

Intro to Invertebrate STUDENT NOTES Date: 1. Taxonomy : the science of classifying/grouping organisms

Intro to Invertebrate STUDENT NOTES Date: 1. Taxonomy : the science of classifying/grouping organisms Intro to Invertebrate STUDENT NOTES Date: 1 Warm up What does it mean to be an invertebrate? Taxonomy : the science of classifying/grouping organisms Who is the father of our modern day classification

More information

12.1. Advent of Multicellularity A. Advantages 1. Nature s experiments with larger organisms without cellular differentiation are limited. 2. Increasi

12.1. Advent of Multicellularity A. Advantages 1. Nature s experiments with larger organisms without cellular differentiation are limited. 2. Increasi Phylum: Porifera The Sponges 12.1. Advent of Multicellularity A. Advantages 1. Nature s experiments with larger organisms without cellular differentiation are limited. 2. Increasing the size of a cell

More information

Kingdom Animalia. Zoology the study of animals

Kingdom Animalia. Zoology the study of animals Kingdom Animalia Zoology the study of animals Summary Animals are multicellular and eukaryotic. consume and digest organic materials thereby being heterotrophs. Most are motile at some time in their lives.

More information

Lab 4 Identifying metazoan phyla and plant groups

Lab 4 Identifying metazoan phyla and plant groups Geol G308 Paleontology and Geology of Indiana Name: Lab 4 Identifying metazoan phyla and plant groups The objective of this lab is to classify all of the fossils from your site to phylum (or to plant group)

More information

Porifera Sponges Features:

Porifera Sponges Features: Porifera Sponges The Phylum Porifera consists only of sponges, which is unique since these animals are entirely aquatic; with 98% found only in marine environments and a small percentage found in freshwater

More information

Kingdom Protista. The following organisms will be examined in the lab today: Volvox, Oedogonium, Spirogyra, Ulva

Kingdom Protista. The following organisms will be examined in the lab today: Volvox, Oedogonium, Spirogyra, Ulva Kingdom Protista I. Introduction The protists are a diverse group of organisms. In the past they have been classified as fungi, plants and animals. They can be green, autotrophs or nongreen heterotrophs.

More information

Coral Reefs. Organisms and Ecology

Coral Reefs. Organisms and Ecology Coral Reefs Organisms and Ecology General Characteristics: Rival tropical rainforests for beauty, richness, complexity Basic structure is made by organisms 3 Dimensional framework home to incredible assortment

More information

Figure 1. Cladogram of the Major Animal Phyla based upon SSU-rRNA

Figure 1. Cladogram of the Major Animal Phyla based upon SSU-rRNA Biology 4B Laboratory Invertebrates I: Porifera, Cnidaria and Platyhelminthes Objectives To understand the basic differences among the invertebrate animal phyla To investigate and learn the obvious external

More information

Animals contain specialized cells

Animals contain specialized cells What is an Animal? Kingdom Animalia Main Characteristics Members of the Animal Kingdom are: Eukaryotic Multicellular Heterotrophic Have cells with membranes BUT NO cell wall Animals contain specialized

More information

Coral Reefs. Reef Corals

Coral Reefs. Reef Corals Coral Reefs Highly diverse rivals tropical rain forest Biogenic habitat habitat made by living organisms Are found in areas of warm clear water that is also typically nutrient poor Are increasingly threatened

More information

UNIT 8A MARINE SCIENCE: Lower Invertebrates

UNIT 8A MARINE SCIENCE: Lower Invertebrates UNIT 8A MARINE SCIENCE: Lower Invertebrates Essential Questions: What are the characteristics of the simple body structured organisms? Unit Objectives/I Can Statements: General Invertebrates 1. List taxa

More information

Marine Invertebrates

Marine Invertebrates Name: Date: Period: Marine Invertebrates Porifera Annelida Cnidaria Mollusca Platyhelminthes Arthropoda Nematoda Echinodermata Name Class Date Section 26 2 Sponges (pages 664 667) This section explains

More information

Animals. Chapters Exam November 22, 2011

Animals. Chapters Exam November 22, 2011 Animals Chapters 32-35 Exam November 22, 2011 Overview of Animals Chapter 32 General Features of Animals and Evolution of the Body Plan General Features of Animals Heterotrophs Multicellular No Cell Walls

More information

Kingdom Animalia. Special Features: Advanced nervous systems means cephalization (faces), brains, and efficient mobility (walk/run/swim/grab)

Kingdom Animalia. Special Features: Advanced nervous systems means cephalization (faces), brains, and efficient mobility (walk/run/swim/grab) Kingdom Animalia Kingdom Animalia Cell Number: Multicellular with extensive specialization Cell Type: Eukaryotic Animal Cells (no cell wall) Food: Heterotrophic Carnivore (meat), Herbivore (plants), Omnivore

More information

BIO 221 Invertebrate Zoology I Spring Correction: Porifera. Lower Metazoan Clades: Choanoflagellata Porifera Placozoa Cnidaria Ctenophora

BIO 221 Invertebrate Zoology I Spring Correction: Porifera. Lower Metazoan Clades: Choanoflagellata Porifera Placozoa Cnidaria Ctenophora BIO 221 Invertebrate Zoology I Spring 2010 Stephen M. Shuster Northern Arizona University http://www4.nau.edu/isopod Lecture 6 Correction: Porifera a. Are distinct from the Placozoa by: 1. Have collar

More information

Animal Diversity I: Porifera, Cnidaria, Ctenophora, Platyhelminthes, and Lophotrochozoa

Animal Diversity I: Porifera, Cnidaria, Ctenophora, Platyhelminthes, and Lophotrochozoa 1 Animal Diversity I: Porifera, Cnidaria, Ctenophora, Platyhelminthes, and Lophotrochozoa Objectives: Be able to distinguish radial symmetry from bilateral symmetry. Be able to identify which of the phyla

More information

MARINE SCIENCE. Monday 9 Apr 2018

MARINE SCIENCE. Monday 9 Apr 2018 MARINE SCIENCE Monday 9 Apr 2018 Entry Task Grab your ISN from the front counter. Agenda Housekeeping Variables Graphing Techniques Housekeeping No more breaks for the remainder of the month. Variables

More information

Chapter 33: Invertebrates

Chapter 33: Invertebrates Name Period Chapters 31, 32, and 33 should be considered as a single unit, and you should try to put all of them together in a single conceptual framework. Due to the scope of our course, you are likely

More information

Ctenophores peeking into the group of unidentified species

Ctenophores peeking into the group of unidentified species Ctenophores peeking into the group of unidentified species Morphological and molecular evidence reveal underestimated ctenophore species richness Majaneva Sanna, Hosia A, Halsband C, Lehtiniemi M, Majaneva

More information

What Is an Animal? Section 25.1 Typical Animal Characteristics. I. Characteristics of Animals. Biology II Mrs. Michaelsen

What Is an Animal? Section 25.1 Typical Animal Characteristics. I. Characteristics of Animals. Biology II Mrs. Michaelsen What Is an Animal? Section 25.1 Typical Animal Characteristics Biology II Mrs. Michaelsen I. Characteristics of Animals A. All animals are eukaryotic, multicellular, have ways of moving to reproduce, obtain

More information

Sponges. What is the sponge s habitat. What level of organization do sponges have? Type of symmetry?

Sponges. What is the sponge s habitat. What level of organization do sponges have? Type of symmetry? Sponges What is the sponge s habitat Marine (few freshwater species) What level of organization do sponges have? Cell level Type of symmetry? None Type of digestive system (none, complete or incomplete)?

More information

2303ENV Zoology. Lecture week 1: Phylogeny and Classification

2303ENV Zoology. Lecture week 1: Phylogeny and Classification Lecture week 1: Phylogeny and Classification 2303ENV Zoology Definition of animals: multicellular, eukaryotic, motile (can move independently and spontaneously), heterotrophic (must ingest other organisms

More information

Name. Total. Hydrozoa Cubozoa Anthozoa Scyphozoa 1 2 5

Name. Total. Hydrozoa Cubozoa Anthozoa Scyphozoa 1 2 5 Name 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Total 1. Coral reefs are the most diverse marine habitat, providing critical habitat for 25% of marine species. Nevertheless reef communities are currently threatened by:

More information

Lab ( 3) Kingdom: Animalia

Lab ( 3) Kingdom: Animalia Lab ( 3) Kingdom: Animalia Characteristics of animals: - Multicellular - Eukaryotic organisms - Cells with out cell wall Animalia is divided in two group : A/ Invertebrate ( animals with out backbones

More information

Life Science 7 th NOTES: Ch Animals Invertebrates

Life Science 7 th NOTES: Ch Animals Invertebrates Life Science 7 th NOTES: Ch 10-11 Animals Invertebrates Write the correct word in the blanks to show directions on an animal body: ** Word Bank (Posterior, Ventral, Dorsal, Anterior) top surface front

More information

Invertebrate Zoology Midterm Exam 1- Fall 2015

Invertebrate Zoology Midterm Exam 1- Fall 2015 Invertebrate Zoology Midterm Exam 1- Fall 2015 Name Read through the exam before you begin. This exam consists of four (4) Parts. You must provide answers for each Part. However, you are required to answer

More information

Classification. The three-domains. The six-kingdom system. The traditional five-kingdom system. Bacteria Archaea Eukarya

Classification. The three-domains. The six-kingdom system. The traditional five-kingdom system. Bacteria Archaea Eukarya Classification The three-domains Bacteria Archaea Eukarya The six-kingdom system Bacteria Archaea Protista Plantae Fungi Animalia The traditional five-kingdom system Monera Protista Plantae Fungi Animalia

More information

A GENERAL COMPARISON OF THE TUNICATA.

A GENERAL COMPARISON OF THE TUNICATA. Title A GENERAL COMPARISON OF THE TUNICATA CNIDARI Author(s) Hadzi, Jovan Citation PUBLICATIONS OF THE SETO MARINE BIO LABORATORY (1973), 20: 175-178 Issue Date 1973-12-19 URL http://hdl.handle.net/2433/175779

More information

23.1 Animal Characteristics EQ Although diverse, what common characteristics do all animal share?

23.1 Animal Characteristics EQ Although diverse, what common characteristics do all animal share? 23.1 Animal Characteristics EQ Although diverse, what common characteristics do all animal share? Sea Slug 23.1 Animal Characteristics Animals are the most physically diverse kingdom of organisms and all

More information

faster moving water compared to suspension feeders that are in contact with slower moving

faster moving water compared to suspension feeders that are in contact with slower moving Samantha Bund 7-12-05 Marine Adaptations Exploratory 1 Orange Cup Coral Size Distribution Introduction: Sessile suspension feeders such as Anthozoans rely on moving water to capture food and nutrients,

More information

Reef Corals. Coral Reefs. Coral Nutrition. Zooxanthallae

Reef Corals. Coral Reefs. Coral Nutrition. Zooxanthallae Coral Reefs Highly diverse rivals tropical rain forest Biogenic habitat habitat made by living organisms Are found in areas of warm clear water that is also typically nutrient poor Are increasingly threatened

More information

31.1 What Evidence Indicates the Animals Are Monophyletic?

31.1 What Evidence Indicates the Animals Are Monophyletic? 31.1 What Evidence Indicates the Animals Are Monophyletic? What traits distinguish the animals from the other groups of organisms? In contrast to the Bacteria, Archaea, and most microbial eukaryotes, all

More information

introduction to the Animal Kingdom (pages $55-560) Formulating a Definition: Building Vocabulary Skills

introduction to the Animal Kingdom (pages $55-560) Formulating a Definition: Building Vocabulary Skills STUDY GUIDE CHAPTER Sponges, Cnidarians, and Unsegmented Worms Section 26-1 introduction to the Animal Kingdom (pages $55-560) SECTION REVIEW With this section you began your study of the animal kingdom.

More information

What Are Coral Reefs?

What Are Coral Reefs? ELA.08.CR.1.9.132 C1 T9 Sample Item Id: ELA.08.CR.1.9.132 Grade/Model: 08 / 1b Claim: 1: Students can read closely and analytically to comprehend a range of increasingly complex literary and informational

More information

An Introduction to the Invertebrates (part 4?!) Annelida & Nematoda. Reference: Chapter 33.3, 33.4

An Introduction to the Invertebrates (part 4?!) Annelida & Nematoda. Reference: Chapter 33.3, 33.4 An Introduction to the Invertebrates (part 4?!) Annelida & Nematoda Reference: Chapter 33.3, 33.4 More Relationships Slime molds Tubulinids Entamoebas Nucleariids Fungi Choanoflagellates Animals Excavata

More information

Simplest metazoan (multi-cellular) Lecture 5 - Sponges!

Simplest metazoan (multi-cellular) Lecture 5 - Sponges! Simplest metazoan (multi-cellular) Lecture 5 - Sponges! Metazoan origins unicellular ancestors Originated during the Precambrian (1.2 billion - 670 million years ago) From what? Two hypotheses: Multinucleated

More information

Chps : Animals. Characteristics of kingdom Animalia: Multicellular Heterotrophic Most are motile Possess sense organs

Chps : Animals. Characteristics of kingdom Animalia: Multicellular Heterotrophic Most are motile Possess sense organs Chps 23-26: Animals Chps. 23-27: Animals Characteristics of kingdom Animalia: Multicellular Heterotrophic Most are motile Possess sense organs Animal Characteristics Forms of symmetry: Radial Bilateral

More information

The Animals, or Metazoa. Approximate proportions of animal species presently known; The true diversity of animals may be more than 90% Arthropods

The Animals, or Metazoa. Approximate proportions of animal species presently known; The true diversity of animals may be more than 90% Arthropods The Animals, or Metazoa Are some of the best-studied organisms Comprise over a million known species Originated c. the Cambrian (~550 MYA) Most animal phyla are marine; however, due to the diversity of

More information

Invertebrates 2. Cladograms. Cladograms. Cladograms. Cladistics example. Cladogram of Phyla covered in Bio 11

Invertebrates 2. Cladograms. Cladograms. Cladograms. Cladistics example. Cladogram of Phyla covered in Bio 11 Invertebrates 2 Cladogram of Phyla covered in Bio 11 Cladograms Cladograms are constructed using a method known as cladistics. This method analyzes a collection of heritable character data compiled by

More information

Superphylum Deuterostomia

Superphylum Deuterostomia Superphylum Deuterostomia Bởi: OpenStaxCollege The phyla Echinodermata and Chordata (the phylum in which humans are placed) both belong to the superphylum Deuterostomia. Recall that protostome and deuterostomes

More information

Introduction to Animals

Introduction to Animals Introduction to Animals Characteristics of Animals multicellular Except for sponges, animal cells are arranged into tissues. Tissues are necessary to produce organs and organ systems. Tissues, organs,

More information

Are these organisms. animals or not?

Are these organisms. animals or not? 1 2 3 4 5 Are these organisms 6 7 8 animals or not? 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Typical Animal Characteristics Eukaryotic Multicellular Ability to move Reproduce Obtain food (heterotrophic)

More information

An Introduction to Animal Diversity

An Introduction to Animal Diversity An Introduction to Animal Diversity What defines an animal? Why so many species? The early history of animals life 7 Requirements of Animal Life What is an adaptation? Adapting to different habitats A

More information

Introduction to Animal Kingdom. Invertebrates and Vertebrates

Introduction to Animal Kingdom. Invertebrates and Vertebrates Introduction to Animal Kingdom Invertebrates and Vertebrates Introduction To Animals Vertebrate animal with a backbone. Invertebrate animal without a backbone; includes more than 95% of all animal species

More information

Kingdom. Phylum. Class. Order. Family. Genus. Species

Kingdom. Phylum. Class. Order. Family. Genus. Species 5.5 - Classification 5.5.1 - Outline the binomial system of nomenclature In this system, each species has two names - a noun and an adjective. The first is the genus, which starts with an upper case letter,

More information

What Is an Animal? (continued )

What Is an Animal? (continued ) What Is an Animal? (continued ) Structure of Animals 1. IVhat are cells? 2. Complete the flowchart to show how cells are organized in ammals. Levels ot Organization Arumal cells are grouped together to

More information

Mesozoa, Parazoa, and Metazoa. Chapter 12 pg. 239

Mesozoa, Parazoa, and Metazoa. Chapter 12 pg. 239 Mesozoa, Parazoa, and Metazoa Chapter 12 pg. 239 3 Multicellular Groups: Mesozoa, Parazoa, Eumetazoa Multicellular organisms are divided into three groups: Mesozoa, Parazoa (phylum Porifera, phylum Placozoa)

More information

The Microbial World. Chapter 5

The Microbial World. Chapter 5 The Microbial World Chapter 5 Viruses Non-cellular infectious agents that have two basic characteristics: Not capable of reproduction without a host cell Structure: Nucleic acid core- can be DNA or RNA

More information

Introduction to Animals

Introduction to Animals Introduction to Animals Moving Forward Quizlet Each section we cover, 1 group will go to our class on Quizlet and create 20 flash cards on the topic (/5mks) If I warn you about talking while I m talking,

More information

Final Exam Study Guide. Evolution

Final Exam Study Guide. Evolution Name: Biology I A Final Exam Study Guide Date: Mr. Tiesler Evolution An adaptation is a physical or behavioral change that improves a population s ability to survive. Evolution is the process by which

More information

BIOS1101 Lab Notes. Contents ANIMALS. Lab 1: Animal Diversity invertebrates. Lab 2: Animal Diversity 2 vertebrates

BIOS1101 Lab Notes. Contents ANIMALS. Lab 1: Animal Diversity invertebrates. Lab 2: Animal Diversity 2 vertebrates Contents ANIMALS Lab 1: Animal Diversity invertebrates Lab 2: Animal Diversity 2 vertebrates Lab 3: Animal Structure 1 Gross morphology Lab 4: Animal Structure 2 Histology Lab 5: The Nervous System & Sensory

More information

By Jenny Lentz (OCS TA)

By Jenny Lentz (OCS TA) Lecture Coral Reef Ecosystems Introduction to Oceanography (OCS 10051005-4) October 27, 2009 (Garrison 2007; Fig. 16.2 (a-b); p. 460-461) 1 2 Basic Coral Biology Biologic Context o Kingdom Animalia Phylum

More information

Importance of Protists

Importance of Protists Protists Protists The kingdom Protista is a very diverse kingdom. Eukaryotes that are not classified as fungi, plants, or animals are classified as protists. However, even though they are officially in

More information