Name Class Exam Date Unit 10 Bacteria, Virus, Protist, Fungi

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1 Name Class Exam Date Unit 10 Bacteria, Virus, Protist, Fungi Pathology Is defined as the scientific study of the nature of and its causes, processes, development, and. A pathogen is a, such as bacteria, viruses, fungi or parasites. Prokaryotic Cell Characteristics Free floating inside cell Cell body enclosed by Small, organism DOES NOT contain specialized membrane bound ( nucleus) Until recently, bacteria were placed into one Kingdom. As a result, sometimes bacteria are referred to as Monerans. Kingdom Eubacteria & Archaebacteria Eubacteria ( Bacteria) Tend to be smaller Found throughout the environment Can be Classified according to their mode of getting nutrients, mechanism of movement, and their shape Archaebacteria ( Bacteria) Tend to be larger Thought to be ancestors of, gene sequences are similar.

2 Tend to live in extreme environments sometimes they are called i. Halophiles Live in very environments; Great Salt Lake ii. iii. iv. Acidophiles- live in areas of ph level ( ) Thermophiles live in temperatures Ex: Thermoacidophiles sulfur hot springs; hydrothermal vents found deep in the oceans Methanogens live in the presence of ; sewage treatment plants, swamps, bogs Diversity of Bacteria: Interaction with Oxygen Obligate Aerobes - oxygen for cellular, need oxygen to make for growing and surviving Obligate Anaerobes - must, they will die in its presence Facultative Anaerobes - can live or oxygen Diversity of Bacteria: Metabolic ( usage) 1. Heterotrophs- get energy by compounds made by other organisms (eat) o Chemoheterotrophs- an organism that gets nourishment from others and from using Ex. Lactobacillus good bacteria found in yogurt o Photoheterotrophs- an organism that gets nourishment from others and from using Ex. Cyanobacteria (makes up pioneer lichens) 2. Autotrophs- their own from molecules o Chemoautotrophs- an organism that energy for itself using material such as or i Ex. archaea living in hostile environments such as deep sea vents o Photoautotrophs- an organism that gets nourishment for itself using and

3 Diversity of Bacteria: Identification and Naming A. Cocci sphere Bacilli rods Spirilla Prefixes: i. Diplo in Draw a diplococci ii. Staph in Draw a staphylococci iii. Strep in chains Draw a streptobacilli Diversity of Bacteria: Structural Adaptations to Survive Hostile Environments Capsules ( layers) - help immune system and adhere to surfaces Pili -like projections Endospores dormant, outer structure for until conditions become favorable Flagella (Flagellum) - one or more -like structures

4 Diversity of Bacteria: Gram Stain Identification Stains used to identify bacteria based -in their cell walls. Bacterial species with walls containing amounts of are Gram-negative and turns. Bacteria with walls containing relatively amounts of are Gram- positive and turns. Types of Bacterial Reproduction: Binary Fission- One cell splits into two cells ( ) Offspring are genetically to parent, fast reproduction time Conjugation- reproduction with exchange of information before dividing Offspring have new genes genetically to parents Increase

5 Friend: Helpful Bacteria 1. Decomposers dead organisms/ to soil 2. Help food as well as produce vitamins 3. Nitrogen-fixing bacteria: transforms atmospheric and allows it to be absorbed by for growth (proteins) 4. Food helps ferments milk, cheese, yogurt 5. Clean oil spills (purify water) 6. Antibiotics bacteria fighting bacteria Foe: Harmful Bacteria How do bacteria cause disease? 1. By the cells and tissue for food Ex: Mycobacterium tuberculosis (tuberculosis), tooth decay/cavities 2. Releasing that can move through the body Ex: Streptococcus- strep throat Ex: Borelia burgdorferi- Lyme disease 3. are formed and inhaled, can be fatal Ex. Bacillus anthracis- ; Found in sheep and cattle Controlling Bacterial Growth 1. Freezing: growth for most bacteria 2. Refrigeration: - / takes longer to multiply -Does kill bacteria 3. Canning/ Jarring: -Heat & seals out air -Some may still survive

6 4. Cooking: - kills bacteria 5. Drying: no moisture/ dehydrate 6. Salting: if enough salt added will kill bacteria due to placing cells in osmotic environment Ex. Preserving food such as beef jerky/ham or high sugar in jams/jelly 7. Sterilization: -Using temperatures for long periods - (High heat and pressure) -Chemical action 8. Disinfectant: - ex. alcohols, vinegars - Used to clean surfaces Viruses / Virion They are NOT alive!!! 1. Living characteristics of viruses: They contain (DNA or RNA) never both!! 2. Nonliving characteristics of viruses They are / (they contain no cytoplasm or organelles). They do not energy ONLY replicate using the cell's machinery. They do not grow and divide. Instead, new viral components ( ) are synthesized and assembled within the host cell. They are NOT alive!!! Structure of a Virus A virus particle, or virion, consists of the following: 1. Nucleic acid - set of, either DNA or RNA 2. Coat of protein (capsid) - the DNA or RNA to protect it

7 3. Lipid membrane aka envelope- surrounds the protein coat (found only in some viruses such as influenza/flu virus) Viral Specificity To Host Cells Viruses are specific to their hosts. Virus have that can only match to exact sites on a host cell like a lock & key Ex. Rabies virus only attacks brain cells Ex. HIV only attacks in the immune system Ex. Influenza only attacks cells of the respiratory track Bacteriophage Viruses that infect ONLY. Have a protein "tail" attached to the capsid (protein coat that envelopes the genetic material), which is used to infect the host bacteria. Viruses reproduce on their own, and must infect a host cell in order to create more viruses. Viral Replication Use their own genetic material and the host cell's machinery 1. - surface proteins bind to host, and release genetic material (RNA or DNA) into the cytoplasm 2. - the viral genetic material is copied 3. - the genetic material is used as a blueprint, for the cell to make messenger RNA which is used to make viral proteins 4. translation occurs in the cytoplasm (ribosomes), viral proteins are made

8 5. - the viral genetic material (from replication) is surrounded by the newly made viral proteins 6. - viruses emerge from the cell by "budding" from the cell membrane or bursting out of the cell (this causes the cell's death) Lytic and Lysogenic Replication Pathways A. Lytic Pathway: 1. replication of the virus, ending in cell (bursting of host). 2. More phages are released to infect other cells. 3. Effects of illness are immediate- within hours/days B. Lysogenic Pathway: 1. The virus DNA into host s DNA becoming a 2. Stays within the cell and is copied when cells reproduce **no illness or symptoms for months/years 3. Changes in environment or health of host can the to activate in lytic cycle HELP me from viruses! A can be used to prevent a viral disease. A vaccine can help your become stronger and respond faster with viral recognition. Vaccines can prevent the virus from to a host cell Antibiotics will work against viruses. HIV (causes AIDS) Transmission (or spread by) bodily **not by just touching No cure/ No vaccine HIV damages in the immune system Without T cells body cannot fight other infections (bacterium, flu virus) and your body is left with no immune defense

9 Other Examples of Viruses Common Cold Zika West Nile Herpes Ebola Polio Measles Chicken pox Oncogenic Virus: virus that can cause cancer (ex. HPV causing cervical cancer) Kingdom Protists The Kingdom Protista- Protist characteristics Eukaryotic have a, membrane bound Found in fresh & ocean water Most are, some are Some have and made of cellulose Most are, some Protista is the Greek word for the very Classification of Protists Protists are categorized according to (3 main groups of protists) Animal- like ( ) Plant- like ( ) Fungus-like ( ) 1) Animal-like (heterotrophs) Animal-like Protists aka Classified by locomotion (how they move) a. whip-like tail Ex. Trichonympha lives in gut of a termite and helps digest wood Ex. Giardia -causes diarrhea if you don t boil or treat water

10 b. - Short hair-like projections Ex. Paramecium c. Pseudopod false feet temporary projections of for amoeboid Animal-like Protists that move with pseudopods ( ) Ex. Amoeba & Entamoeba *causes diarrhea d. Nonmotile - movement, do not move Ex. Plasmodium- Causes the disease Malaria 2) Plant-like Protista (autotrophs) Contain and perform Plant-like Protista produce, making them one of the most important organisms. Can be or Examples of Unicellular Plant-like Protists a) Euglena b) Golden Algae c) Diatoms- cell walls of silicon; as an abrasive in toothpaste d) Karenia & Gonyaulax- Causes Red Tide, produce nerve toxin that kills fish/humans Examples of Multicellular Plant-like Protists a) Red Algae b) Brown Algae c) Sargassum d) Kelp e) Green Algae species ex. Volvox, Spirogyra 3) Fungus-like Protists Heterotrophs that from dead or decaying organic matter ( ) Unlike true fungus, they lack cell walls made of Ex: Slime molds Ex. Water molds - white fuzz growing on fish in aquariums

11 Kingdom Fungi Kingdom Fungi Characteristics Eukaryotes- Heterotrophs- make own ( photosynthesis) or Parasites BOTH (ex. yeast) AND (ex. mushroom) Cell walls made of Role of Fungi in Environment Decomposers- convert waste into usable by plants ( dead organisms) Fungi Structures Hyphae - thin filaments that up the fungus Mycelium - big mass or of below ground Mushroom - body or structure, usually above ground

12 Fungi Reproduction Asexual Reproduction exchange of genetic material Fruiting body/reproductive structure produces that are by wind, water & animals Sexual Reproduction of material Increases a population s Increases chances of & Classification of Fungi 1. Common Molds: Rhizopus (common bread mold) - : root-like hyphae that the bread s surface & it to the bread - : stem-like hyphae that run along the of 2. Sac Fungi: Reproductive structure resembles a cup Yeast: - only fungi - Reproduce asexually by - Thrush: yeast of the mouth due to of 3. Club Fungi Reproductive structure a - Ex. Pigskin poison puffball, stinkhorn, shelf fungus, bird s nest fungi, common mushroom, fly agaric (poisonous)

13 4. Imperfect Fungi - Do have an observable sexual phase in life cycle - Penicillium notatum : penicillin (medicine to fight infections) - Parasites: Athlete s foot & ringworm Symbiotic Relationships Lichens A between and a organism Fungus collects water & minerals and autotrophs Algae or cyanobacteria provides (performs photosynthesis) What type of eukaryotic organism is algae? - What type of symbiotic relationship is this? - Often a organism Mycorrhizae A relationship between and mycelia Roots provide products of photosynthesis, which are? and Fungi plant more water, minerals & other Which type of symbiotic relationship? -