Semester II Final Exam Study Questions

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1 Semester II Final Exam Study Questions Unit 5: The Molecular Basis of Heredity DNA determines the characteristics of organisms. 1. Cells function according to the information contained in the master code of DNA (i.e., cell cycle, DNA replication and transcription). double helix, nucleotide, deoxyribose, base-pairing rules, complementary base pairs, DNA Replication, DNA helicase, replication fork, DNA polymerase, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), ribonucleic acid (RNA), uracil, transcription, RNA polymerase, messenger RNA (mrna), transfer RNA (trna), ribosomal RNA (rrna), codon, anticodon, genetic code, point mutation, deletion mutation, translation mutation, duplication mutation, inversion mutation Helpful Hints: Know the similarities and differences between DNA and RNA. Describe the process of DNA Replication. Describe the steps of transcription (use Genetic Code Chart).! Chapter 11: page ; #1-13, 16 STP #20-24 page Transcription is the process of making an mrna copy from a portion of a DNA strand. Translation is the process of converting the mrna sequence into a sequence of amino acids in a protein. 2. A point mutation is a change in a single base pair in DNA, whereas a frame shift mutation is when a single base is added or deleted from DNA, which shifts the reading of codons by one base. 3. Messenger RNA brings the instructions from the DNA to the ribosome, and transfer RNA delivers amino acids to the ribosome to be assembled into a protein. 4. Any change in DNA sequence is a mutation. An agent that can cause the change in DNA is called a mutagen. 5. A nitrogenous base is a nitrogen-containing carbon ring structure that makes up part of a nucleotide. A codon is a set of three nitrogenous bases that codes for a particular amino acid. 6. C 8. A 9. D 10. C 11. D 12. A 13. A 16. No, RNA is a single strand, not a double, pairing strand, so the amount of cytosine does not have to equal the amount of guanine. STP 20. D 22. A 23. C 24. C Unit 6: The Molecular Basis of Heredity DNA determines the characteristics of organisms. 1. Cells function according to the information contained in the master code of DNA (i.e., cell cycle, DNA replication and transcription). 2. A sorting and recombination of genes during sexual reproduction results in a great variety of possible gene combinations from the offspring of any two parents.

2 gamete, binary fission, gene, chromosome, chromatid, centromere, homologous chromosomes, diploid, haploid, zygote, autosome, sex chromosome, karyotype, cell cycle, interphase, mitosis, cytokinesis, cancer, spindle fibers, meiosis, crossing-over, independent assortment Helpful Hints: Identify and describe the major events that characterize the Cell Cycle (use foldable). Summarize the events of the four stages of mitosis (use foldable). Summarize the events that occur during meiosis (use foldable).! Chapter 8: page ; #1-13, 14 STP #19-26 page cancer 2. centrioles 3. osmosis 4. true 5. mitosis 6. B 8. C 9. D 10. D 11. D 12. B 13. D 14. Cells that carry on a great deal of active transport would have more mitochondria. STP 19. B 20. A 22. D 23. A 24. B 25. D 26. B! Chapter 10.2: page ; Section Assessment: #1-5, page ; 6, 9-10, 13 STP #25-28 page The chromosome number in a cell at the end is half the chromosome number in a parent cell. The original cell has a diploid number of chromosomes and each of the new cells has a haploid number. 2. Meiosis reduces the chromosome number in gametes. When sexual reproduction occurs, the zygote recombines the chromosomes and maintains the 2n condition. 3. Crossing over as well as the reassortment of the 46 chromosomes both contribute to the large number of phenotypes that are possible After meiosis, only one member of each homologous chromosome pair can be found in a gamete. Thus, no gamete will end up with two homologues. Alleles on different chromosomes will sort independently from one another. page D 9. C 10. A 13. The order of lining up at the equator during metaphase I of meiosis will vary, thus providing additional variation when the chromosomes separate during anaphase I. STP 25. C 26. A 27. D 28. C

3 The Molecular Basis of Heredity DNA determines the characteristics of organisms. 1. Cells function according to the information contained in the master code of DNA (i.e., cell cycle, DNA replication and transcription). 2. A sorting and recombination of genes during sexual reproduction results in a great variety of possible gene combinations from the offspring of any two parents (i.e., Punnett squares and pedigrees). Students will understand concepts in a single trait cross (e.g., alleles, dominant trait, recessive trait, phenotype, genotype, homozygous, heterozygous, incomplete dominance, and sex-linked traits). heredity, genetics, monohybrid cross, true-breeding (pure breed), P generation, F1 generation, F2 generation, allele, dominant, recessive, homozygous, heterozygous, genotype, phenotype, law of segregation, law of independent assortment, Punnett square, test cross, probability, pedigree, sex-linked gene, incomplete dominance, codominance, multiple alleles Helpful Hints: Predict the results of monohybrid genetic crosses by using Punnett squares. Predict the results of monohybrid genetic crosses by using probabilities. Analyze a simple pedigree.! Chapter 10.1: page ; Section Assessment #1-5, page ; 1-8, 11, 12, 16, STP #20-24 (Review Punnett Squares and Pedigrees) page They are self-pollinating, and male flower parts can be easily removed to allow for cross-pollination. 2. homozygous tall = TT, heterozygous = Tt 3. One-half of all offspring will be heterozygous. 4. two; RY and Ry 5. Cross the unknown yellow plant with a recessive green parent. If the offspring are all yellow, the unknown genotype is homozygous yellow. If half the offspring are yellow and half green, the unknown genotype is heterozygous. page A zygote results from the union of a sperm and egg. 2. Homozygous contains two identical alleles. 3. Alleles are the factors that produce genotypes and phenotypes. 4. Nondisjuntion is a failure of crossing over and its resulting genetic recombination. 5. Gametes are haploid. 6. D 8. D 11. C 12. The likelihood that close relatives share the same recessive genes is greater than in the general population, thus raising the risk of a child being homozygous for those traits. 16. The order of the lining up at the equator during metaphase I of meiosis will vary, thus providing additional variation when the chromosomes separate during anaphase I. STP 20. C 21. D 22. A 23. B 24. D Unit 8: Biological Diversity Diversity of species is developed through gradual processes over many generations. 1. Different species might look dissimilar, but the unity among organisms becomes apparent from an analysis of internal structures, the similarity of their chemical processes, and the evidence of common ancestry (e.g., homologous and analogous structures, embryology, fossil record, genetic data).

4 changes in structures, behaviors, and/or physiology, may enhance or limit survival and reproductive success within a particular environment. 3. Broad patterns of behavior exhibited by animals have changed over time to ensure reproductive success. Responses to external stimuli can result from interactions with the organism s own species and others, as well as environmental changes; these responses can be either innate or learned. population, natural selection, gene flow, adaptation, reproductive isolation, paleontologist, vestigial structure, homologous structure, analogous structure, speciation, subspecies, taxonomy, binomial nomenclature, genus, family, class, order, phylum, kingdom, domain, phylogeny, derived character, cladogram, phylogenetic tree Helpful Hints: Use the scientific system for naming a species. List the seven levels of biological classification. Determine if structures are analogous, homologous, or vestigial.! Chapter 15: page ; #1-9, 10-12, STP #18-22 page camouflage 2. natural selection 3. speciation 4. punctuated equilibrium 5. C 6. C 7. D 8. B 9. D 10. Many adaptations are related to escaping from predators. Poisons are a natural defense. If a predator eats a brightly colored insect and becomes ill, it may avoid such an organism the next time. Bright colors can indicate that organisms may be poisonous and deter predation. 11. Genetic drift occurs when alleles change in small populations that become separated. An example is the Galapagos finches. Geographic isolation may separate populations and result in speciation, such as the cougars in Florida compared to those in the rest of the United States. Polyploidy can cause speciation such as in strawberries. 12. All mammals are related to each other and are theorized to have evolved from a common ancestor. STP 18. C 19. A 20. C 21. B 22. S! Chapter 17: page ; #1-11, 13, STP #18-23 page Binomial nomenclature 2. phylum 3. cladistics 4. taxonomy 5. cladogram 6. D 8. D 9. C 10. A 11. C 13. Classification systems change to reflect new information. The changes improve understanding about phylogeny, but can cause problems when researchers are unaware of revisions. STP 18. B

5 22. B 23. D Unit 9: The Interdependence of Organisms Interdependence of organisms in an environment includes the interrelationships and interactions between and among organisms. 1. Organisms both cooperate and compete in ecosystems (e.g., symbiotic relationships). 2. Living organisms have the capacity to produce populations of infinite size, but environments and resources limit population size (e.g., carrying capacity, limiting factors, ecological succession). Matter, Energy, and Organization in Living Systems Living systems require a continuous input of energy to maintain their chemical and physical organizations. 2. As matter and energy flow through different levels of organization of living systems and between living systems and the physical environment, chemical elements are recombined in different ways by different structures. Matter and energy are conserved in each change (i.e., water cycle, carbon cycle, nitrogen cycle, food webs, and energy pyramids). 3. Matter on earth cycles among the living (biotic) and nonliving (abiotic) components of the biosphere. Population, population size, population density, exponential growth curve, logistic growth curve, carrying capacity, density-dependent factor, density-independent factor, ecology, habitat, community, ecosystem, abiotic factor, biotic factor, biodiversity, pioneer species, succession, primary succession, secondary succession, producer, consumer, trophic level, food chain, herbivore, carnivore, omnivore, detritivore, decomposer, food web, energy pyramid, biomass, biogeochemical cycle, nitrogen fixation, transpiration, predation, parasitism, symbiosis, competition, mutualism, commensalism, biome, biosphere Helpful Hints: Identify the distinguishing features of symbiotic relationships. Interpret graphs displaying population growth. Know and distinguish between the levels of organization. Interpret information displayed on biogeochemical cycles.! Chapter 2: page 61-63; #1-9,10-11, 13-14, STP #17-22 page symbiosis 2. food chain 3. ecosystem 4. autotroph 5. niche 6. A 7. D 8. A 9. B 10. Decomposers can release nutrients for recycling through an ecosystem, maintaining its balance such as in tropical forests. In instances where decomposers work too slowly, the forest may die back or grow more slowly for lack of nutrients. 11. Answers will vary. 13. The arrows indicate the direction of matter and energy flow; toward the consumer. 14. The base of the pyramid should contain grass, the producers. The middle level contains deer, the herbivores. The top of the pyramid contains the second order consumers, the cougar. STP D 19. C 20. A 22. A

6 page Most cacti cannot tolerate freezing temperatures for long. Therefore, low temperatures for long periods limit the distribution of some species of cacti. 2. Examples: What is the maximum temperature at which fish feed? How do changing temperatures affect the movement of fish? 3. Forest fire; wildflowers return, then shrubs, then trees. Insects arrive followed by small, than larger mammals. 4. End of first year: grasses, low, scrubby plants; at 5 years; shrubs, saplings, grasses; 10 years: larger saplings, larger, patchy grass, larger but fewer shrubs. 5. Primary succession: bare ground, no plant life; climax: maximum plant community and interacting animal life; Climax community will last so long as resources are there for biotic factors. 6. One species can crowd, block the sun, eat the available food, or absorb the nutrients and water needed by the other species. page Primary from bare rock; Secondary had life forms 6. D 8. B 12. Low precipitation and high temperatures are the two major limiting factors that combine to produce desert biomes such as the Chihuahuan Desert.! Chapter 4.1: page 91-99; Section Assessment #1-5, page #5-9, STP #17-20 page When limiting factors are variable, species must have strategies to survive over time. 2. short life-history organisms; rapid increase and decline caused by unpredictable environments; long life-dictable environments; long life-history organisms; slow population change within stable environments and usually maintain sizes near carrying capacity. 3. Density-dependent factors have an increasing effect as population size increases. Density-independent factors affect a population no matter its size. 4. Growth curve will be exponential a J-shaped curve. 5. Decreased food supply can decrease carrying capacity. page Limiting factor; any factor in the environment that limits a population s size; carrying capacity; the upper limit of a population s size that an environment can maintain 6. C 7. D 8. C 9. C STP 17. D 18. C 19. C 20. A