Warm-Up. Illustrate (via model, diagram, cartoon, et cetera) how viral replication introduces genetic variation in the viral population. (LO 3.
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1 Warm-Up Illustrate (via model, diagram, cartoon, et cetera) how viral replication introduces genetic variation in the viral population. (LO 3.30)
2 Yesterday s Picture G C A T G C A T G C AG T A C C T A CG TC
3
4 3C.1c: Errors in mitosis or meiosis can result in changes in phenotype. 3C.1c.1: Changes in chromosome number often result in new phenotypes, including sterility caused by triploidy and increased vigor of other polyploids. 3C.1c.2: Changes in chromosome number often result in human disorders with developmental limitations, including Trisomy 21 (Down syndrome) and XO (Turner syndrome). 3C.2b: The horizontal acquisitions of genetic information primarily in prokaryotes via transformation (uptake of naked DNA), transduction (viral transmission of genetic information), conjugation (cell-to-cell transfer), and transposition (movement of DNA segments within and between DNA molecules) increase variation.
5 Variation can occur from molecular mutations and from chromosome number: Triploidy (3n) often results in sterility. 2p 4m 1m nondisjunction 3p uneven segregation 4p 2m 1p 3m 2p 4m 4p 1m 3p 2 copies of chr. 4 2m 1p 3m 0 copies of chr. 4 fertilization 2p 4m 4p 1m 3p 3 copies of chr. 4
6 Variation can occur from molecular mutations and from chromosome number: Triploidy (3n) often results in sterility. Trisomy 21 results in Down s Syndrome A normal karyotype Down s syndrome karyotype
7 Variation can occur from molecular mutations and from chromosome number: Triploidy (3n) often results in sterility. Trisomy 21 results in Down s Syndrome. Monoploidy (1n) of the sex chromosomes results in XO: Turner s Syndrome A normal karyotype Turner s Syndrome karyotype
8 Variation can occur from molecular mutations and from chromosome number: Triploidy (3n) often results in sterility. Trisomy 21 results in Down s Syndrome. Monoploidy (1n) of the sex chromosomes results in XO: Turner s Syndrome Polyploidy produces bigger, more productive crops. Diploid (2n) banana Tetraploid (4n) banana
9 3C.1c: Errors in mitosis or meiosis can result in changes in phenotype. 3C.1c.1: Changes in chromosome number often result in new phenotypes, including sterility caused by triploidy and increased vigor of other polyploids. 3C.1c.2: Changes in chromosome number often result in human disorders with developmental limitations, including Trisomy 21 (Down syndrome) and XO (Turner syndrome). 3C.2b: The horizontal acquisitions of genetic information primarily in prokaryotes via transformation (uptake of naked DNA), transduction (viral transmission of genetic information), conjugation (cell-to-cell transfer), and transposition (movement of DNA segments within and between DNA molecules) increase variation.
10 Variation occurs from horizontal (non-inherited) transfer of DNA.
11 Variation occurs from horizontal (non-inherited) transfer of DNA. In eukaryotes, it occurs through jumping genes or transposons, which cut out of one chromosome and paste into another. some chromosome some other chromosome transposon
12 Variation occurs from horizontal (non-inherited) transfer of DNA. In eukaryotes, it occurs through jumping genes or transposons, which cut out of one chromosome and paste into another. Barbara McClintock Nobel Prize, 1983 Discovered a pigment transposon in maize ~1940 s
13 Variation occurs from horizontal (non-inherited) transfer of DNA. In eukaryotes, lysogenic viruses mediate horizontal transfer through transduction. In eukaryotes, it occurs through jumping genes or transposons, which cut out of one chromosome and paste into another. Host Cell DNA viral DNA
14 Variation occurs from horizontal (non-inherited) transfer of DNA. In eukaryotes, lysogenic viruses mediate horizontal transfer through transduction. In eukaryotes, it occurs through jumping genes or transposons, which cut out of one chromosome and paste into another. Host Cell DNA viral DNA
15 Variation occurs from horizontal (non-inherited) transfer of DNA. In eukaryotes, lysogenic viruses mediate horizontal transfer through transduction. In eukaryotes, it occurs through jumping genes or transposons, which cut out of one chromosome and paste into another. Host Cell DNA viral DNA
16 Variation occurs from horizontal (non-inherited) transfer of DNA. In eukaryotes, lysogenic viruses mediate horizontal transfer through transduction. In eukaryotes, it occurs through jumping genes or transposons, which cut out of one chromosome and paste into another. Host Cell DNA integrated viral DNA
17 Variation occurs from horizontal (non-inherited) transfer of DNA. In eukaryotes, lysogenic viruses mediate horizontal transfer through transduction. In eukaryotes, it occurs through jumping genes or transposons, which cut out of one chromosome and paste into another. Sexual reproduction in eukaryotes increases variation through vertical transfer, but prokaryotes cannot have sex.
18 Variation occurs from horizontal (non-inherited) transfer of DNA. Sexual reproduction in eukaryotes increases variation through vertical transfer, but prokaryotes cannot have sex. But prokaryotes can conjugate, or directly transfer DNA.
19 Variation occurs from horizontal (non-inherited) transfer of DNA. Sexual reproduction in eukaryotes increases variation through vertical transfer, but prokaryotes cannot have sex. But prokaryotes can conjugate, or directly transfer DNA. Added arabinose GFP genes activated And they can become transformed through uptake of free-floating DNA.
20 Variation occurs from horizontal (non-inherited) transfer of DNA. Sexual reproduction in eukaryotes increases variation through vertical transfer, but prokaryotes cannot have sex. But prokaryotes can conjugate, or directly transfer DNA. And they can become transformed through uptake of free-floating DNA. They are also transduced by lysogenic viruses.
21 CTQ #1 Compare and contrast the processes by which genetic variation is produced and maintained in prokaryotes versus eukaryotes. (LO 3.27)
22 CTQ #2 Explain how a virus can transfer a bacterial gene from one host to another host. (LO 3.29)
23 Closure Explain, referring to both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, how genetic variation in an organism results in phenotypic variation in populations. (LO 3.26)
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