3 Hours 18 / 06 / 2012 EXAMS OFFICE USE ONLY University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg Course or topic No(s) ANAT 4000

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1 3 Hours 18 / 06 / 2012 EXAMS OFFICE USE ONLY University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg Course or topic No(s) ANAT 4000 Course or topic name(s) Paper Number & title HUMAN BIOLOGY HONOURS: PAPER 1 Examination to be Held during month(s) of JUNE 2012 Year of Study (Arts & Science leave blank) Degree/Diplomas for which This course is prescribed (BSc (Eng) should indicate which branch) BACHELOR OF SCIENCE WITH HONOURS Faculty/ies presenting Candidates FACULTY OF SCIENCE Internal examiner(s) And telephone extension number(s) DR. A. GALAGHER MR J. HEMINGWAY (72114) MRS M. DU PLESSIS (72109) PROFESSOR A. IHUNWO (72767) PROFESSOR P.R. MANGER (72497) External examiner(s) DR E. L ABBE Special materials required (graph/music/drawing paper) maps, diagrams, tables, computer cards, etc. Time allowance Course Nos. ANAT 4000 Hours THREE Instructions to candidates (Examiners may wish to use this space to indicate, inter alia, the contribution made by this examination or test towards the year mark, if appropriate) ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS. RELEVANT AND CORRECTLY LABELLED DIAGRAMS MAY BE USED TO ENHANCE YOUR ANSWERS. ONLY SCRIPTS WRITTEN IN BLUE OR BLACK INK WILL BE MARKED. PENCIL MAY BE USED ONLY FOR DRAWINGS. Internal Examiners or Heads of Department are requested to sign the declaration overleaf. Page 1 of 6

2 UNIVERSITY OF THE WITWATERSRAND, JOHANNESBURG SCHOOL OF ANATOMICAL SCIENCES BSc. HONOURS: HUMAN BIOLOGY (ANAT4000) EXAMINATION: 18 th June 2012 TIME: 3 Hours Total Marks: 150 Instructions: 1. Answer all questions. 2. Relevant and correctly labelled diagrams may be used to enhance your answers. 3. ONLY scripts written in blue or black ink will be marked. Pencil may be used ONLY for drawings. The examination last Three Hours and comprises FOUR sections. Please make an effort to answer ALL questions in Sections A C. Please choose ONE of the questions from SECTION D. Recommendations are that approximately 25 minutes should be spent on Section A, 60 minutes on Section B, 25 minutes for Section C, and 70 minutes for Section D. Page 2 of 6

3 SECTION A: Multiple Choice Questions (60 Marks [1.5 pca]) Which of the following statements are true or false? These MC questions are NOT negatively marked. Completion of this section should take no more than 30 minutes 1. The Ediacarian fauna a) Are the oldest recognized animal forms b) Are younger than 300,000,000 years c) Were first discovered in South America d) Primarily comprise extinct and morphologically disparate sponges 2. The cladistic approach to phylogenetic reconstruction a) Is primarily founded upon the comparative recognition of syapomorphies b) Cannot be applied to molecular data series c) Can be performed on linear metric series which have converted to statistical classes (discreet distributions) e) Is potentially undermined in skeletal datasets (character states, metrical dimensions) by substantial covariance between characters 3. The biogeography of a species a) Is irrelevant in the consideration of the broader history of life on Earth b) Primarily encompasses the geographic range of a species c) Is critical in understanding within-species variability and its environmental/ecological correlates d) Is a critical variable in modelling speciation 4. The triumph of the Modern Synthesis in evolutionary biology in the mid-1940 s a) Enshrined Lamarckism as the fundamental basis of evolutionary change b) Effectively synthesised emerging data from molecular genetics and zoology c) Promoted a gradualist view of evolutionary change d) Recognised the hegemony of mass extinctions in the history of life 5. The Biological Species Concept a) Is based primarily on genetic exchange between reproductively viable populations b) Can be applied with confidence to the fossil record of an existing lineage c) Is undermined by evidence of biogeographic disparity in interbreeding d) Proposes rapid evolutionary transitions within lineages by macromutations 6. Sexual selection a) Has been insignificant in the evolution of coloured plumage in birds and mammals b) Generally involves male male competition for females c) Is not a driving mechanism of body size evolution in lineages d) Primarily increases the ecological viability of populations Page 3 of 6

4 7. Phyletic size increases a) Are relatively uncommon occurrences in the evolution of life b) Are often adaptive c) Are primarily dictated by ecology and availability of resources d) Involve no negative constraints on fitness 8. The hylobatids (gibbons and siamangs) a) Have a restricted biogeographic range b) Are characterised as monogamous c) Show considerable sexual dimorphism in body size d) Evidence considerable within lineage variability in pelage 9. New genetic perspectives on mammalian phylogeny a) Have yielded striking contradictions to the accepted morphological evolutionary schema b) Confirms the hypothesised close affinities of Primates and Chiropterans (Bats) c) Confirms the tree shrews (Scandentia) as the most inclusive sister clade to the primates d) Proposes four distinct super-orders within the placental mammals which are e) not biogeographically significant 10. The Phylogenetic Species Concept a) Is generally the most consistent predictor of a priori-relationships among fossils b) Is principally founded on the principle of rapid population divergences within evolving lineages c) Includes all those individuals purportedly sharing ancestor descendant relationships d) Does not recognise sub-species Page 4 of 6

5 SECTION B: Short Answer Questions (30 Marks) Question 1 In no more than a single page, give a brief outline of the theoretical assumptions underpinning Natural Selection? (6 marks) Question 2 Name the THREE early 20 th Century Biologists whose research effectively established a Mendelian basis for Natural Selection? Question 3 Briefly define the term adaptation (3 marks) (5 marks) Question 4 Give a brief explanation of how Natural Selection can cause a change in the frequency of a particular trait such as body size, brain size, or limb length? Use a diagram where appropriate. Question 5 (5 marks) Briefly outline the distinctions between phyletic gradualism and punctuated equilibrium? Question 6 (8 marks) Name the three major Evolutionary Biologists whose work culminated in the establishment of the Modern Synthesis ( )? (3 marks) Page 5 of 6

6 SECTION C: Critical Thinking Section (20 marks) Read the following short paper and draft a suitable ONE PAGE abstract and title for this short published research contribution. (20 marks) SECTION D: Essay Questions (40 marks) Please answer ONE of the following questions: Question 1 Discuss the different modes of speciation and their relative merits in explaining the phylogeny of the extant and extinct hominids (Great Apes)? Question 2 Discuss the role of adaptation in increasing evolutionary fitness? Question 3 How do Evolutionary Biologists appraise success in extant and extinct species? Question 4 What are the merits and pitfalls of the different approaches to phylogenetic reconstruction? Question 5 What is the relevance of sexual selection on character states in the divergence of populations and the formation of new species? Question 6 Discuss the concept of exaptation and its role in biological evolution? TOTAL = 150 MARKS Page 6 of 6

Unit 9: Evolution Guided Reading Questions (80 pts total)

Name: AP Biology Biology, Campbell and Reece, 7th Edition Adapted from chapter reading guides originally created by Lynn Miriello Unit 9: Evolution Guided Reading Questions (80 pts total) Chapter 22 Descent