STUDY GUIDE FOR BIOLOGY FALL FINAL

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Berenice Parks
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1 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~UNIT 1 INTRODUCTION TO IOLOGY~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 1. Information gathered from observing a plant that grows 3 cm over a two-week period is called: Data Collection 2. How do scientists generate hypotheses? using informed, creative imagination using logical inference using prior knowledge 3. Scientific hypotheses must be proposed in a way that: llows the hypothesis to be tested 4. controlled experiment allows the scientist to isolate and test: for a single variable 5. theory is: can be modified or changed over time as more knowledge is gained 6. The process by which organisms keep their internal conditions fairly constant is called homeostasis 7. The work of scientists begins with Observations is the start of a scientists work 8. Define iosphere Is the part of the earth that supports all living organisms Matching Use each one only once. 9. The cat runs away from the dog G 10. Eating 11. Laying an egg F 12. Identical twins looking alike 13. Kidneys eliminating toxins from the D body. Reproduction. Responding to environment C. Evolve 14. n infant becoming an adult 15. Life begins at this level of organization 16. Over many generations, giraffe s D. Homeostasis E. Cells F. DN necks have gotten longer G. Metabolism/Energy H. Growth and Development H E C

2 Identifying and nalyzing a Controlled Experiment (1 point each) researcher investigated two groups of fruit flies. Population was kept in a ml container. Population was kept in a 500-mL container. 17. The independent variable was the Size of the container 18. Give a logical inference based on the contents of the graph? The fly poplulation in the a larger container will grow larger 19. ml measures volume 20. From simplest to most complex, write the order of levels of organization of life: cells, tissue, organs, organ systems, organism, population, community ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~UNIT 2 IOMOLECULES~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 21.The smallest particle of an element that has the properties of that element is a(n): an tom 22.What 3 sub-units make up an atom? Proton, Neutron, Electron 23.Where is a proton found in an atom? What is its charge? Inside the nucleus and is positive 24.Where is an electron found in an atom? What is its charge? Orbiting the nucleus and is negative 25.Which element in a compound is an indicator that the compound is likely organic? If it contains carbon 26.The property of water whereby water molecules tend to stick to one another is called: cohesion

3 27.Water being polar means It has a positive and a negative end 28.The four main categories of large biological molecules present in living systems are Carbohydrates CHO 1:2:1 monosaccharides polysaccharides LIPIDS CHO glycerol head & fatty acid chains Proteins CHON amino acids polypeptide chains Nucleic cids CHONP nucleotides DN or RN 29.The building block of a large molecule is called a Monomer 30.The basic building blocks that make up carbohydrates are: monosaccharides 31.How are polysaccharides mainly used by organisms? short term energy storage for plants and animals and as structural support in plants 32.Which elements make up carbohydrates? CHO 33.Give examples of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids: carbs bread, sugar, cereal, rice lipids waxes, oils, fats, steroids, hormones proteins enzymes, skin, hair, nails, Nucleic cids DN and RN 34.Which elements make up lipids? CHO 35.Proteins, which are tremendously complex molecules, use as their basic unit or building blocks: mino cids 36.Which elements make up proteins? CHON 37.The building blocks of nucleic acid molecules are called: nucleotides 38.List the jobs of DN Passes on hereditary information; directs all cell processes; is used by RN to code for proteins 39.List the 3 parts that make up nucleotides Nitrogen ase; Pentose Sugar; Phosphate Group 40.Which elements make up nucleic acids? CHONP ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~UNIT 3 CELLS & MEMRNE TRNSPORT~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 41. cell that has a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles is called: Eukaryotic 42. Write out and study the 3 parts of the cell theory? 1. ll known living things are made up of one or more cells. 2. ll living cells arise from pre-existing cells by division. 3. The cell is the fundamental unit of structure and function in all living organisms.

4 43. List organelles found in most plant cells but not in animal cells plastids (aka: chloroplast, chromoplast); central vacuole; cell wall 44. ll cells fall into two broad categories depending on whether or not they have a: a nucleus 45. List all the parts of the nucleus nuclear membrane; DN; nucleolus; nucleoplasm 46. Which organelles are involved with cell movement and the separation of chromosomes during cell division? microtubules and microfilaments 47. Who was the first person to use the word cell? Robert Hooke 48. Who was the first person to see and describe microorganisms under the microscope? nton van Leeuwenhoek 49. Unlike the smooth endoplasmic reticulum, the rough endoplasmic reticulum has attached to it. ribosomes 50. List the levels of cellular organization from the simplest to the most complex?. cells, tissues, organs, organ systems C. tissues, organs, cells, organ systems. organ systems, organs, tissues, cells D. cells, tissues, organ systems, organs. 51. List two structures that help plant cells to remain rigid? Central Vacuole, Cell Wall 52. n organism that is capable of making its own food through photosynthesis is called: utotroph 53. The movement of water from an area of high water concentration to an area of lower water concentration is called: Osmosis 54. Make a T chart listing the characteristic of passive and active transport? Passive Transport Diffusion (diffusion of particles) Osmosis (diffusion of water) Facilitated Diffusion (protein channels) always from high to low concentration ctive Transport requires energy can force things from low to high concentration (protein pumps) endocytosis exocytosis 55. When particles move across the membrane from a high to low concentration and require the help from transport proteins, it is called? Facilitated Diffusion

5 56. The net movement of water across a membrane occurs from what type of solution to what type of solution? Hypo to Hypertonic 57. Which part of the cell is described as a "fluid mosaic"? Cell Membrane 58. This is the site of protein synthesis in a cell is: Ribosomes 59. When newly formed proteins leave the rough endoplasmic reticulum, they are transported to which organelle where the proteins are sorted and packaged? Golgi pparatus 60. What part of the cell contains strong digestive enzymes to break down proteins, carbohydrates and lipids into small molecules that can be used by the rest of the cell. Lysosomes ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~UNIT 4 Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 61. DP becomes TP by: by adding a phosphate group 62. TP provides what to cells? immediately usable energy 63. Where does the light independent reaction occur? in the stroma of the chloroplast 64. Which light wavelengths does chlorophyll primarily absorb? reflect? red and blue light wavelengths 65. What is produced in the light dependent reactions that is not needed for the light independent reactions? oxygen 66. s the light intensity increases, the rate of photosynthesis would likely: increase 67. What inputs are needed for the Calvin cycle? carbon dioxide; TP; NDPH 68. What is produced during the light dependent reactions and used during the light independent reactions? TP and NDPH 69. TP is formed by what enzyme during the light dependent reactions? TP is formed by TP Synthase

6 70. Where does energy required to drive the Calvin cycle comes from? from the light dependent reactions 71. Make a list of a few autotrophs? green plants, some bacteria and some protists 72. Energy is released from TP by: breaking off a phosphate group 73. List the components of an TP molecule? adenine is the nitrogen base; ribose is the sugar and 3 phosphate groups 74. List the main steps of photosynthesis? Light dependent reactions (Photosystem II; Electron Transport Chain; Photosystem I) Dark Reactions/Calvin Cycle (Carbon Fixation; Reduction Phase; Carbohydrate Formation; and Regeneration Phase) 75. Where does the electron transport chain occur? There is an electron transport chain in both photosynthesis and in cellular respiration. It occurs in the thylakoid membrane in the chloroplast and in the cristae of the mitochondria. 76. Where does the Krebs cycle occur? This occurs in the matrix of the mitochondria 77. Where does glycolysis occur? This occurs outside the mitochondria in the cytoplasm 78. The three main stages of cellular respiration are: Glycolysis Krebs Cycle Electron Transport Chain 79. Where would one find photosystems and electron transport chains? To find both of these occurring it would be during photosynthesis and in particular in the thylakoid membrane 80. Chemiosmosis involves the movement of hydrogen ions and the formation of: TP as hydrogen ions go through the enzyme TP synthase

7 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~UNIT 5 Cell Reproduction: Mitosis & Meiosis~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 81. s a cell becomes larger, its volume increases FSTER than its surface area 82. List the main steps of cell division for somatic cells? Mitosis: Prophase Metaphase naphase Telophase PMT Cytokinesis 83. When during the cell cycle are X shaped chromosomes visible? During Prophase and Metaphase 84. List the phases in the cell cycle? Interphase (G1 Phase, S Phase, G2 Phase) Cell Division/M Phase (Mitosis/PMT and Cytokinesis) 85. The structure labeled is called the Centromere 86. The structures labeled in Figure are called Sister Chromatids 87. The number of chromosomes in a gamete is represented by the symbol N 88. If an organism s diploid number is 14, its haploid number is The figure above illustrates what? Crossing Over

8 90. Chromosomes form tetrads during which phase Prophase I 91. List the number of cells mitosis, and meiosis results in after cell division. Indicate if they are identical cells or are not identical. mitosis results in 2 identical cells containing 2N Chromosomes meiosis results in 4 different cells containing N Chromosomes 92. What types of cells undergo meiosis? germ/sex cells; gametes result Matching. Mitosis. Meiosis C. oth Produces Gametes Daughter cell are not identical to the parents cells Daughter cells are identical to the parent cells Two daughter cells are produced Four Daughter cells are produced Chromosome number is halved Chromosome number is maintained 100. ssociated with sexual reproduction

Honors Biology-CW/HW Cell Biology 2018

Class: Date: Honors Biology-CW/HW Cell Biology 2018 Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. Hooke s discovery of cells was made observing a. living