Biology 1, Philippine Science High School-Main Campus Laboratory Activity # 2: PLANT AND ANIMAL TISSUES
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1 Biology 1, Philippine Science High School-Main Campus Laboratory Activity # 2: PLANT AND ANIMAL TISSUES Objectives 1. To review simple microscopy techniques used in studying cells. 2. To identify tissues specific to plant cells. 3. To identify tissues specific to animal cells. 4. To relate structure and function at the tissue and cellular levels in plants and animals. Materials (to be provided by the teacher) compound light microscope prepared slides clear plastic ruler Methods ESTIMATING CELL SIZE AND CALCULATING MAGNIFICATION 1. Fill in the first column of Table 1 on your data sheet using the formula for determining magnification: Total magnification = objective lens magnification x ocular lens magnification 2. Take a clear plastic ruler and examine the millimeter scale under the scanning objective lens. Place the center of one of the scale marks along the edge of the field as shown in Figure Count the whole number of millimeter spaces. If there is part of a space, estimate (in decimals) the size of the millimeter portion that shows. Record the field diameter in millimeters in the second column of data table Convert the field diameter for into micrometers and record this number in the third column of data table 1. (1 m = 1/1000th mm OR move the decimal point three spaces to the right) 5. Repeat steps 2-4 using the low-power objective (). 6. Calculate the field diameter for the high-power objective () by using the following formula: ( field diameter)( magnification) = ( field diameter) ( magnification) and record the results for the in data table 1. DO NOT USE THE RULER FOR! PLANT TISSUE 1 1. Obtain a prepared slide with longitudinal sections of onion root (Allium cepa, l.s.). 2. Make a rough sketch of the tip of the organ. 3. Compare the length of the cells from the tip going upwards. What do you notice? 4. Focus on cells near the tip with large nuclei. What kind of tissue is shown here? What is it for? 5. Count the number the cells that span the field diameter of and estimate the cell size using the formula below. Show your calculations in the portion below your drawings and box your final answer. cell size = field diameter/number of cells spanning the field diameter TYPES OF TISSUES Examine the prepared slides of the different kinds of plant and animal tissues. Follow the instructions for each station, sketch the specimens, and answer the questions that follow.
2 2 (santan leaf, Ixora, x.s.) Sketch Focus on the upper, outermost, single layer of cells. Draw. Identify the specific type of tissue focused in the previous bullet point and state the function. 3 (sunflower stem, Helianthus, x.s.) Scanner view Sketch one of the bundles close to the circumference of the circle. What type of tissue is present in these bundles? What is their function? 4 (corn stem, Zea mays, x.s.) Draw the tissues with thick red outlines focused at. What is the function of these cells? 5 (Mammalian trachea, x.s.) - Draw the upper layer of tissues. Describe the shape of the cells of this tissue and label the basement membrane. What specific type of tissue is this? What is its function? 6 (Human epithelial cells) Focus on the groups of individual cells and draw. Describe the shape of the cells of this tissue. What type of tissue is this? What is its function? 7 (Vertebrate cerebellum, x.s.) Draw the individual cells seen. What specific type of tissue is this? What is it for? What is the function of the extensions of the cells focused? 8 (Human bone, x.s. and l.s.) Focus on the individual cells and draw. What is the function of the canals around each cell? What specific type of tissue is this? What is it for? What materials are deposited around the structures surrounding the small circles? Why are they important? 9 (Animal blood smears) Draw the individual cells. Identify the free biconcave disc-like cells. What type of tissue is this? What is its function? 10 (Animal striated muscle., l.s.) Focus on the fiber-like structures. Draw. Describe the placement of the nuclei and count the # of nuclei per cell. Identify the specific type of tissue viewed and name the function. Bonus Draw. What is this specimen?
3 Laboratory Activity # 2: PLANT AND ANIMAL TISSUES WORKSHEET Do NOT include the instructions and guide questions handout when submitting this worksheet. Section and Group # CNs and Names: Table 1. Estimating field diameters for different objective lenses Objective lens used (magnification) Field diameter (mm) Field diameter (m) Scanning objective lens ( x) Low power objective lens ( x) High power objective lens ( x) A. Plant Tissue. Draw and write down your observations as required. Observations/Answers to questions/calculations of cell size B. Types of Tissues. Draw and answer the questions as required Scanner view 5 Scanner view
4 Bonus
5 2 (santan leaf, x.s.) Sketch What organ is this? Focus on the upper, outermost, single layer of cells. Draw. Identify the specific type of tissue focused and state the function. 3 (sunflower, x.s.) 4 (corn stem, x.s.) Scanner view Sketch one of the bundles close to the circumference of the circle. What type of tissue is present in these bundles? What is their function? Draw the tissues with thick red outlines focused. What organ is this? What is the function of these cells? 5 (mammalian trachea, x.s.) 6 (human epithelial cells) 7 (vertebrate cerebellum) 8 (human bone, x.s. and l.s.) 9 (animal blood smear) 10 (Vertebrate striated muscle, l.s.) - Draw the upper layer of tissues. Describe the shape of the cells of this tissue and label the basement membrane. What specific type of tissue is this? What is its function? Focus on the groups of individual cells and draw. Describe the shape of the cells of this tissue. What type of tissue is this? What is its function? Draw the individual cells seen. What specific type of tissue is this? What is it for? What is the function of the extensions of the cells focused? Focus on the individual cells and draw. What is the function of the canals around each cell? What specific type of tissue is this? What is it for? What materials are deposited around the structures surrounding the small circles? Why are they important? Draw the individual cells. Identify the free biconcave disc-like cells. What type of tissue is this? What is its function? Focus on the fiber-like structures. Draw. Describe the placement of the nuclei and count the # of nuclei per cell. Why is this multinucleated? Identify the specific type of tissue viewed and name the function.
6 BONUS Draw. What is this specimen? Name the pointed structure.
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