AP Biology Ecology Summer Assignment Instructions

Transcription

1 AP Biology Ecology Summer Assignment Instructions Required Textbook Biology (7 th Ed.) by Campbell & Reece pick up at the bookstore before you leave for the holidays. Photocopy the relevant sections if you are travelling and do not want to take the book with you. Documents Needed: AP Biology Ecology Summer Assignment Instructions AP Biology Ecology Unit Objectives Ecology Review Sheet Chapter Populations Exercises Important Website Links: (AP Biology Course Website) (Information About Ecology and Summer Assignment) Instructions: 1. Read the instructions on this document. Find all pertinent documents on the course website (see link above). (10 minutes) 2. Read Chapters of the Campbell Biology textbook. Follow steps 1 3 by chapter. (3 hours) 3. Use the AP Biology Ecology Unit Objectives as a guide to what is most important. Keep in mind that you should have read all of the text but that some of the concepts are more important. 4. Listen to the VOD casts on the AP Biology class website located on the Ecology page. (1 hour) 5. Complete the exercises from the Ecology Review Sheet Chapter Complete each section at the end of the chapter. Don t try and do all three sections at one time. (3 hours) 6. After completing steps 1 3, complete the population exercises in the document. All the necessary formulas are located on the sheet. All graphs need to be completed by hand. Please do not forget to include the following: main title, x and y axis titles, origin, proper scale for x and y axis, minimum graph size of ½ page, plotted points if a line graph, on graph paper, use a ruler and pencil, and make sure that you chose the appropriate style of graph (line, bar, or pie). (2.5 hours) 7. Become a member of the AP Biology class website by first becoming a member of shutterfly (most of you did this already during the school year) and then asking to become a member of the school website. It is very important that you use a functional e mail address as I will periodically send important information throughout the course to your e mail account. (5 minutes) 8. Respond to forum and poll questions on the class website. (15 minutes) E mail: michael.balog@asfg.mx

2 AP Biology Ecology Unit Objectives Chapter 50 Introduction to Ecology 3 Most Important Concepts: 1. Abiotic and biotic factors affect species range, distribution and abundance. 2. Many global processes affect the distribution and abundance of abiotic factors such as air and water currents. 3. Biomes are broad geographic areas of similar ecological components. You need to know: Examples of abiotic and biotic factors The difference between species distribution and abundance. The levels of biological organization (p.4 and 5) The difference between environmentalism and ecology Dispersal and the limits to species range (fig 50.6 on p. 1084) Species transplants Behavioral and biotic factors that affect species distribution Abiotic factors that affect species distribution Seasons are generated by Earth s axial tilt, not distance from the sun Air circulation affects global precipitation patterns General characteristics of the different marine biomes (p to 1097) General characteristics of the different terrestrial biomes (p to 1103) Important Terms: Abiotic, Biotic, Biota, Population, Community, Ecosystem, Biosphere, Dispersal, Climate, Biomes, Photic zone, Aphotic zone, Detritus Chapter 51 Behavioral Ecology 3 Most Important Concepts: 1. Many behaviors are predetermined or are heavily influenced by genetic factors. 2. Behavioral traits can evolve by natural selection where behaviors that favor increased reproductive success are promoted.

3 3. The environment can influence the development of behaviors, most importantly where behavior is influenced by experiences (learning). You need to know: The difference between proximate and ultimate causes The difference between a fixed action pattern and imprinting Examples of the different types of behavior that are influenced by genes Cool: monogamy in prairie voles don t have to know specifically but it should cause you to think about many behaviors that we think are learned that have a genetic background as well Behavior can be affected by diet, social environment Most important: Different types of learning Impact of natural selection on the evolution of behaviors Foraging behavior (more successful at getting food, more chances to mate, more offspring) specifics such as optimal foraging theory and the experiments that demonstrate adaptive behaviors Concept of inclusive fitness and its ability to account for altruism Examples of social learning Important Terms: Behavioral ecology, proximate questions, ultimate questions, fixed action patterns, sign stimulus, imprinting, sensitive period, innate behaviors, kinesis, taxis, pheromones, learning, habituation, spatial learning, associative learning (classical conditioning, operant conditioning), cognition, foraging, optimal foraging theory, promiscuous, monogamous, polygamous, agnostic behavior, altruism, inclusive fitness, reciprocal altruism, social learning Chapter 52 Population Ecology 3 Most Important Concepts: 1. Multiple factors influence the overall size and distribution of a population. 2. The exponential model of growth describes population growth in an idealized, unlimited environment. 3. K selection and r selection are different population growth patterns based on differences in life strategies for individual members of the species. You Need to Know:

4 Difference between density and dispersion Mark and recapture method How immigration, emigration, births and deaths can influence a population size Patterns of dispersion Survivorship curves Big bang reproduction contrasted with repeated reproduction J shaped curve represents exponential growth (what is necessary for exponential growth) Carrying capacity and logistic population growth (Δ N) = (births + immigration) (deaths + emigration) Percent growth = [b + i] [ d + e] x 100% Initial population Population Density D p = N/A or Dp = N/V (D = Density, N = number of organisms, A= area, V = volume) The rate of change can be calculated by the formula R = D/t (t = time, D = density) K selection (density dependant) characteristics and r selection (density independent) characteristics see powerpoint population genetics notes Factors regulating growth of density dependent population growth curves Human population characteristics and reading histograms Important Terms: Population ecology, density, dispersion, mark recapture method, immigration, emigration, demographics, survivorship curves, life history, zero population growth, exponential growth, carrying capacity, logistic growth, K/r selection, density dependant, density independent, ecological footprint, ecological capacity

5 Ecology Review Package Chapter Note: This review package does not include questions on all of the content located within the ecology chapters. Please refer to AP Biology Ecology Unit Objectives for that list. Chapter Give an example of how an abiotic factor could affect a specific species range, distribution, and abundance. Provide an example of how a biotic factor could affect a species range, distribution, and abundance. 2. What are the levels of biological organization and give one example of each. 3. Describe a global process that can affect the distribution and abundance of an abiotic factor. 4. Many factors affect the oxygen concentration found in lakes that experience seasonal turnover. In a laboratory cold water contains higher concentrations of gases, but remember that a lake is an ecosystem with living things and this might not always be the case. Fill in the following table: Summer Fall Winter Spring Area of high oxygen concentration Reason for high oxygen concentration Area of low oxygen concentration Reason for low oxygen concentration 5. What is eutrophication? What causes it? How does it affect oxygen concentrations of lakes? 6. Fill in the table regarding biomes: Biome Tropical Forest Savanna Temperate Grassland Temperature and Precipitation Common Plants Common Animals Adaptations of an Animal or Plant that aid in its survival

6 Temperate Broadleaf (deciduous) Forest Coniferous (pine) Forest Desert Chaparral Tundra High Mountains Chapter What is the difference between an innate and a learned behavior? 2. Give 2 examples of behaviors that have evolved as a result of natural selection? Describe the process of natural selection specific to each situation. Remember that some adaptations increase the probability of survival, which increases the probability of finding a mater, which increase the probability of producing offspring, which increases the probability of passing on the adaptation (gene) to subsequent generations. After a long time and many generations, the population begins to. 3. Compare and contrast fixed action patterns with imprinting? 4. Compare and contrast kinesis, taxis, and migration? How could each have evolved as a result of natural selection? 5. What types of communication are animals capable of? What is the evolutionary significance of these behaviors? Is communication the same as language? Why? 6. Learning can be classified in many different ways. Fill in the following table: Type of Learning Definition Example How this type of learning capacity would increase survival probabilities? Habituation Spatial Learning Cognitive Maps Associative Learning Cognition and Problem Solving 7. What factors influence an organisms feeding behavior? Describe a hypothetical example. 8. Describe three abiotic or biotic factors that can influence the mating behavior of animals? 9. How can inclusive fitness account for altruism in species? 10. How does social learning differ from other types of learning? Chapter What are all the factors described in the text that can explain differences in population size and distribution? 2. What is the difference between density and dispersion? 3. What are the different dispersion patterns and provide an example (not from the text) that illustrates this type of dispersion pattern? 4. What would need to happen in order for a population to experience exponential growth? 5. What is the carrying capacity and how does it affect logistical growth patterns? 6. What are abiotic and biotic factors that can affect the carrying capacity? Which of the previously listed factors are density dependent and which are density independent?

7 7. Use the following table to compare population characteristics for r selected and k selected species. Give an example of each. Characteristic r selected k selected Density Independent Growth or Density Dependent Growth Limiting Resource Territoriality Reach maturity when Lifespan Mating Frequency Parental Care Litter Size Offspring Size Survivorship (death rate) 8. What types of events can cause fluctuations in population size?

8 POPULATIONS EXERCISE ONE: PREDATION OR STARVATION Background Information In 1960 the deer population of an island forest reserve about 200 square miles in size was about 2,000 animals. Although the island had excellent vegetation for feeding, the food supply obviously had limits. Thus the forest management personnel feared that overgrazing might lead to mass starvation. Since the area was too remote for hunters, the wildlife service decided to bring in natural predators to control the deer population. It was hoped that, eventually, natural predation would eliminate the weakest deer, thereby preventing the herd from becoming too large, while at the same time increasing the quality of the herd. In 1961, 10 wolves were flown into the island. Formulas (Δ N) = (births + immigration) (deaths + emigration) Percent growth = [b + i] [ d + e] x 100% Initial population Population Density D p = N/A or Dp = N/V (D = Density, N = number of organisms, A= area, V = volume) The rate of change can be calculated by the formula R = D/t (t = time, D = density) Data The results of this natural predator program are presented in the following table. YEAR WOLF DEER DEER DEATH BY DEATH BY POP. POP. OFFSPRING PREDATION STARVATION , , ,500 1, , , , , , , , , , , CHANGE IN DEER POPULATION (ΔN) Procedure 1. Fill in the ΔN for the deer in the above chart. 2. Draw a graph showing the fluctuations in the deer and wolf populations for the nine year study period.

9 Analysis and Interpretation 1. Using values from your graph, define carrying capacity. 2. Would it have been better for the ecosystem if more wolves had been introduced in 1961? Why? 3. Explain why the wolf population declined after Explain why there was a negative change in the deer population in 1963 and Predict what might have happened if hunters had been allowed to kill half of the wolf population in How does the size of the deer population influence the number of wolves on the island? If no hunting is allowed, what natural mechanisms will control the wolf population? Extension 1. Using the data from the table, draw an age pyramid for the deer population. (Refer to page 1154 of Campbell text.) 2. What percentage of the population are fawns (0 1)? If the percentage of fawns were 65%, what would that indicate about the growth of the herd? 3. What instinctive behaviour and structural adaptations are there among animals to protect the females in a population? Why? 4. List some causes for the mortality indicated in the first two years of life. AGE STRUCTURE OF HERD IN 1970 Age No. of deer Total 2,000

10 POPULATIONS EXERCISE TWO: FACTORS CONTROLLING POPULATION GROWTH Background Information The Mara and Liota plains occur in the Narok District in south western Kenya (see map). Adjacent to and lying to the southeast are the Liana hills and plains. These three distinct regions are bordered on the east by the Rift Valley, on the southwest by the Kenya Tanzania border, and on the northwest by the Siria Escarpment. The area of the Mara and Liota plains combined cover about 4,559 km 2. Data J. Wildl. Manage. 50(2): 1986 HERBIVORES IN KENYA Stelfox et al Population estimates of wild herbivores for the Mara and Liota plains, Kenya, Species 1961 (May) 1974 (May) 1977 (May) 1979 (May) 1979 (June) Blue wildebeest 17,817 84,710 84, , ,500 Burchell's zebra 20,567 20,412 34,600 65, ,800 Topi 4,111 5,082 17,900 31,500 25,500 African buffalo 5,934 10,882 34,200 30,000 31,500 Kongoni ,300 8,900 5,000 Thomson's gazelle 11,936 63, ,500 90,500 Grant's gazelle 5,204 8,800 19,900 8,500 Impala 8,692 53,900 59,200 51,800 Eland 750 1,168 4,700 8,500 4,600 African elephant 455 1,012 1, Black rhinoceros Totals 50, , , ,100 1,438,500 Stewart and Talbot (1962) Analysis 1. Considering the four determiners of population density (natality, mortality, immigration and emigration), what determiner is most responsible for the change in population of blue wildebeest and Burchell's zebra between May 1979 and June 1979? 2. During the same time (May 1979 June 1979) what determiner is most likely affecting the eland population? 3. What determiner is the major cause for the population change of Grant's gazelle and the Thomson's gazelle between May 1974 and May 1979? 4. The introduction of the disease called rinderpest about 50 years ago into Kenya eliminated the majority of cattle, African buffalo and wildebeest. By 1962 rinderpest had disappeared. What effect did the rinderpest have on the buffalo and wildebeest populations according to the data given?

11 5. Considering abiotic factors, which one may have changed and is likely responsible for the overall rise in numbers of animals on the Mara and Liota plains between May and June 1979? Explain. 6. a) Calculate the population density of Burchell's zebra, the Kongoni and Grant's gazelle for May 1979 and June b) What is the growth rate for these animals? Calculate the change in days assuming the time span between counts was 30 days. c) Considering population determiners, which of these is playing a major role when the growth rate change is positive? When it is negative? 7. Calculate the per Capita Growth Rate or biotic potential for the blue wildebeest and elephant for the time period of May 1977 to May For the blue wildebeest, from June 1979 to June ,000 calves were born; 10,563 animals died; 4,350 wildebeest immigrated into the area; and 2,016 animals emigrated out: a) Calculate the change in population size N. b) Calculate the growth rate. c) What was the population of wildebeest in June 1980? POPULATIONS EXERCISE THREE: GROWTH OF POPULATIONS Part A: Simulating Population Growth Background Information Changes in populations are controlled by four main factors: mortality (death rate), natality (birth rate), immigration, and emigration. Most populations are also affected by various other factors in their environment, such as food supply, territorial requirements, climate, predation, and disease. Some of these factors are density dependent, that is, the effect of the factor depends on the density of the population. Many abiotic factors, such as fire or flood, are density independent factors that affect population growth. The maximum population that an environment can sustain is called its carrying capacity. Normally, populations fluctuate around this carrying capacity, with the density of the population exerting pressure to control the population. Problem How will a population grow under ideal conditions? Hypothesis If a population is not controlled by density dependent factors, it will show rapid growth. Experimental Design In the real world, there are so many factors that influence populations, that it is almost impossible to predict increases and decreases in populations. However, biologists and wildlife managers must sometimes forecast trends, and in these situations the scientists must gather all available data and make their predictions based on the factors that they think will affect the population size. Usually, computers are used to handle the complex

12 mathematical calculations involved in simulating the conditions that affect population growth. However, for the purpose of illustration, you will simplify the conditions that affect the hypothetical population. Until 1950, Alberta was the only province or state in North America that wass considered rat free. In that year, however, a few rats weree discovered along the eastern borderr of the province. The provincial government decided to try to keep Alberta rat free, and made the destructionn of rats a legal responsibility for every Albertan. Every municipality was required to appoint a pest control officer. Today, Alberta is essentially rat free. The Norway rat (Rattus norvegicus) can reproduce at an incredible rate. Litterr sizes of 10 are normal, and within three to four months, the offspring startt to reproduce. Materials Graph paper 5 cycle semi logarithmic graph paper Procedure Imagine the following situation: One May, an Alberta farmer bought seed thatt was shipped in from the U.S.A. In the shipment was a single female rat, which was pregnant. The ratt hid in the farmer's barn, and immediately had a litter of 10 offspring, five males and five females. There was amplee food in the barn, no other rats lived there, and there were no predators. Consider the population of rats that would result if the following assumptions were true: Every three months, each female rat produces 10 offspring, five males and five females. All the parents die after each litter only the offspring survive to breed after three months. All the offspring survive to reproduce. There is no immigration or emigration. The food supply remains unlimited, and no predators arrive. Although these assumptions are unrealistic, they tend to balancee each other (e.g., not all the parents would die, but not all the offspring would survive). 1. Calculate the rat population over the period of one year (five litters), beginning with the first litter of 10 rats in May. 2. Graph the data on ordinary graph paper and on semi logarithmic graph paper. Analysis and Interpretationn 1. Describe the shape of each graph. 2. What is the advantage of using semi logarithmic graph paper? 3. Describe the shape of each graph if you extended the assumptions for another five years. 4. What letter does the shape of the ordinary graph resemble? 5. What term is used to describe the growth pattern illustrated in this investigation? 6. Does the rate of population growth increase? 7. Do you think this simulation is realistic? Explain. Extension 1. An Alberta government publication states that one pair of rats could have 350,0000 descendantss in three years. Is this possible? 2. Each year, 2000 rats are destroyed in Alberta. If thesee animals survived and half were females that produced litters of 10 (five females), and if all the animalss survived to produce litters every threee months, how long would it take to get one million rats?

13 Part B: Human Population of Alberta Purpose To determine the human population growth in Alberta. Procedure Graph the data on ordinary and semi logarithmic graph paper. Analysis 1. Does the population of Alberta show the characteristics of exponential growth? 2. From the slope of the semi-logarithmic graph, determine when the rate of growth was greatest. 3. What were the major factors that controlled the population of Alberta? 4. Alberta is 661,185 square kilometres in area. What is the density of the population in 1901, and 1994? Human population in the province of Alberta Year Population (in thousands) , , , , ,153.7 POPULATION EXERCISE 4 1. Describe in words what this formula states: D=N/A 2. A biologist studied a population of box turtles in an Ohio wood lot for a period of 10 years. He determined that the natality averaged 40 per year, mortality 30 per year, immigration 3 per year, and emigration 8 per year. A. Was the population increasing or decreasing? B. Was the area supplying turtles to other areas, or vice versa? C. What was the average annual change due to immigration and emigration? D. If the initial population was 15 turtles, what was the population at the end of 10 years? 3. How do we calculate the rate at which a population is changing? 4. Describe the characteristic form of a line graph that represents the growth of a new population in a favourable environment. 5. Describe the characteristic form of a graph that represents a population in steady state or equilibrium. 13

14 6. On a range of 450 hectares are a total of 1275 jackrabbits. Studies indicate the following rates for this population. Mortality = 2224/ year. Natality = 3400/ year. Emigration = 775/ year. Immigration = 150/ year 14

15 Is the population increasing or decreasing? At what rate? b. Predict the population at the end of 4 years. c. What is likely to happen to the population of producers in this area during the 4 years? d. What is the population density at the beginning of the year and the end of the year? 7. In a certain year observations were made of a mule deer population on a 100 hectare island off the coast of B.C. No. of does, Jan. 1 = 90. No. of bucks, Jan. 1 = 30. Births during the year = 75. Deaths during the year = 50. No. of deer on Dec. 31 = 155. A. What was the density of the population at the beginning of the year? B. What was the density of the population at the end of the year? C. What was the effect of immigration and emigration on the population? 8. On October 5, 1999 squirrel hunting season opened. At that time, biologists counted 150 squirrels in a woody region covering an area of 15 hectares. One month later, on November 5, another count was made and it was found that the same woods had a population of 64 squirrels. A. Calculate the density of squirrels on October 5 and November 5. B. Calculate the rate of change in density of the squirrel population for the one month time period. C. Calculate the change in population size of the squirrel population for the one month time period. D. Which factor was most likely responsible for the change in the population? 9. In a certain city, 2112 humans and 2764 rats populated an area covering 8 square blocks. Then an Urban Renewal Project was established and the area was cleared and redeveloped. After the area was reconstructed, it had a population of 4960 humans and 320 rats. A. Calculate the change in density per square block for both populations. B. Calculate the per capita growth rate for humans in this 8 square block area. C. Calculate the percent change in population size for both populations. 10. A one year study of a jackrabbit population was conducted in southern Alberta in a natural environment comprised of 75 hectares. The initial population was found to be 1578 jackrabbits. The following data was obtained by ecologists studying the rabbits over one year: natality 1475 mortality 1013 immigration 75 emigration 388 A. Calculate the change in population size and indicate whether the population is increasing or decreasing. B. What is the rate of growth for this population per year? per month? C. Calculate the per capita growth rate for this population over the year of the study. D. What was the density of jackrabbits at the beginning of the study? At the end of the study? E. Predict the size of the population at the end of four more years. Give reasons for your prediction. 15

16 Exercise Four Answer key 1. The populations of both the wildebeest and zebra increased dramatically in the one month period (May to June 1979). The determiner most responsible for this change would be increased immigration. 2. The population of elands decreased dramatically in the same one month period, due most likely to increased emigration. 3. The populations of both Grant's and Thomson's gazelles increased significantly in the 5 year interval (May 1974 May 1979) due to increased natality. 4. The buffalo and wildebeest populations both increased significantly after the rinderpest had disappeared, which resulted from decreased mortality. (The parasite seemed to be linked with increased mortality.) 5. Between May and June 1979 there was a large increase in animals on the Mara and Liota plains, probably caused by increased rainfall. This would make fresh water available for the animals (pool formation) and would result in increased plant growth. 6. Density = Dp = N Growth Rate = N = N2 N1 A t t Species Density in May 1979 Burchell's zebra (number / km 2 ) Dp = N = 65,200 A 4,559 km 2 = 14.30/km 2 Density in June 1979 (number / km 2 ) Dp = N = 107, 800 A 4,559 km 2 = 23.65/km 2 Growth Rate (animals/day) R = N t = 42,600 zebra 30 days = 1420 zebra/day Kongoni gazelle Dp = N = 8,900 A 4,559 km 2 = 1.952/km 2 Dp = N = 5000 A 4,559 km 2 = 1.097/km 2 R = N t = 3900 gazelle 30 days = 130 gazelle/day Grant's gazelle Dp = N = 19,900 A 4,559 km 2 = 4.365/km 2 Dp = N =8,500 A 4,559 km 2 = 1.864/km 2 R = N t = 11,400 gazelle 30 days = 380 gazelle/day When the growth rate change is positive, immigration has played a major role. When the growth rate change is negative, emigration has played a major role. 16

17 7. per capita growth rate (cgr) of the blue wildebeest from May 1977 to May 1979: cgr = N = 101,700 84,700 = N 84,700 per capita growth rate (cgr) of the elephant from May 1977 to May 1979: cgr = N = 700 1,200 = N 1, a) N= (births deaths) + (immigration emigration) = 5,000 10, ,350 2,016 = 3,229 wildebeest b) Growth rate = R = N t = 3229 wildebeest 1 year = wildebeest/day c) Number of wildebeest in June 1980 would be 819,500 3,229 = 816,271 Wolf and Deer Population Change Over Time Number of Individuals Wolves x Year of Population Census 17