Reading Reminders. Your Questions via JiTT2

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1 ASTR1010 Lecture 5 29 Jan 13 Today How the Sky Works: Stars, Seasons, Phases Announcements: Old-Fashioned Homework 1 released tonight on D2L, due ON PAPER next Tuesday at the start of class If you brought a laptop, get SkyGazer running now Moon Balls session now & after class outside do it! Math Review Session TONIGHT, 6-7pm in Duane D142. For what fraction of the age of the Universe have humans been around (according to astronomy)? A. Most of the age of the Universe B. About a third of the age of the Universe C. Less than 1% of the age of the Universe D. the time of the first humans and the age of the universe are too uncertain to compare them this way E. This was not covered in the reading ASTR1010 Lecture 5 29 Jan 13 Today How the Sky Works: Stars, Seasons, Phases Announcements: Old-Fashioned Homework 1 released tonight on D2L, due ON PAPER next Tuesday at the start of class If you brought a laptop, get SkyGazer running now Moon Balls session now & after class outside do it! Math Review Session TONIGHT, 6-7pm in Duane D142. For what fraction of the age of the Universe have humans been around (according to astronomy)? A. Most of the age of the Universe B. About a third of the age of the Universe C. Less than 1% of the age of the Universe D. the time of the first humans and the age of the universe are too uncertain to compare them this way E. This was not covered in the reading Reading Reminders What is retrograde motion? What are the heliocentric and geocentric models of the solar system? What is stellar parallax? What were Galileo s main discoveries? Your Questions via JiTT2 1) How does angular size tell us distance? (several people) 2) How does precession of the earth's axis work, or what does it mean? (several people) 3) Can longitude/latitude of the sky be covered a bit more? (several people) 4) More about equinoxes/solstices, celestial equator (perhaps with demo)? (several) 5) More about the moon phases, and what must be known for the class regarding phases? (several) 6) What is the celestial sphere, and how does it affect our view of the night sky? 7) Can retrograde motion be described a bit more? Outline for Next Three Lectures Stars recap Seasons Lunar Phases Eclipses Precession Planetary motion The main point is linking observations to mental models don t just memorize We ve seen the value of a good mental model what if there are TWO???? Motions in the Sky - Recap Living on a rotating* tilted* sphere* which orbits* the sun amidst a background of countless distant stars Add another sphere (moon) illuminated by the sun Add the rest of the planets

2 Stars Which statement(s) is/are true? From Boulder, on a clear night 1. All stars are visible at some time on some night 2. Some stars are never visible at any time on any night 3. Some stars are always visible at any time on any night A. Only statement 1 is true B. Only statement 2 is true C. Only statement 3 is true D. Statements 2 and 3 are true E. Statements 1 and 3 are true Which statement(s) is/are true? From Boulder, on a clear night 1. All stars are visible at some time on some night 2. Some stars are never visible at any time on any night 3. Some stars are always visible at any time on any night A. Only statement 1 is true B. Only statement 2 is true C. Only statement 3 is true D. Statements 2 and 3 are true E. Statements 1 and 3 are true Why do you see different constellations when you travel north or south? A: because of the curvature of Earth B: because the Sun blocks a different part of the sky C: because of Earth s rotation D: because of Earth s tilt E: constellations don t change as you travel north or south Point to ponder: do you see new constellations when you travel east or west? Why or why not? Why do you see different constellations when you travel north or south? A: because of the curvature of Earth B: because the Sun blocks a different part of the sky C: because of Earth s rotation D: because of Earth s tilt E: constellations don t change as you travel north or south Discussion: Motions in the Sky Why does the Sun rise & set? Do stars move in the sky? Are these questions related or not? Point to ponder: do you see new constellations when you travel east or west? Why or why not?

3 Clicker Question Why do stars move in the sky over the course of a night? A: Earth s orbital motion around the Sun B: Earth s rotation C: both of the above are very important in causing stars motions over a day D: The Sun s motion around the center of the galaxy E: The Gods spin the heavenly dome of bright lights Why do stars move in the sky over the course of a night? SkyGazer Shows The Answer! C: Gemini A: Earth s orbital motion around the Sun B: Earth s rotation C: both of the above are very important in causing stars motions over a day D: The Sun s motion around the center of the galaxy E: The Gods spin the heavenly dome of bright lights Rising and Setting Caused by Earth s rotation. Everything rises in the east (that side of the sky) and sets in the west. Rising/setting north or south of east depends on whether the object is north or south of the celestial equator. Sun, Moon & planets hardly move compared to the stars in a night The sky varies as Earth orbits the Sun As the Earth orbits the Sun, the Sun appears to move eastward along the ecliptic. At midnight, the stars overhead are opposite the Sun in the sky.

4 Seasons What causes the seasons? How is the Earth oriented relative to the Sun for different seasons? How high does the sun get at different times of the year? Where does the sun rise & set at different times of the year? Do you know the cause of the seasons? a. I m sure I know the cause and could explain it b. I m pretty sure c. Maybe - not very sure d. Don t know the cause of the seasons Discussion: Seasons What is the cause of seasons on Earth? Do you understand it well enough to demonstrate it? You be the judge! Which of these explanations is convincing? Complete? Handwavy? What is the approximate date for the position of the globe? A) 21 Sept (first day of northern fall) B) 21 December C) 21 March D) 21 June E) Tuesday

5 Seasons GET READY Seasons - more discussion Draw a diagram showing summer in Earth s northern hemisphere Show the Earth/Sun system from the side Indicate Earth s equator, rotation axis; shade in the night side Does your diagram explain why it s summer? How could you prove Earth s seasons are not caused by changing distance from the Sun? The seasons as seen from space Seasons Motions of the Sun What causes the seasons? How is the Earth oriented relative to the Sun for different seasons? How high does the sun get at different times of the year? Where does the sun rise & set at different times of the year? Motions of the Sun: the view from Earth Anyone notice whether the Sun s been rising due east, north of east or south of east?? The Sun rises south of east this time of year. Where does it set? A. Northwest B. Southwest C. Due west D. Depends on your latitude

6 Where will the Sun rise in July, as seen from Boulder? A: northeast B: southeast C: northwest D: southwest E: due east Where will the Sun rise in July, as seen from Boulder? A: northeast B: southeast C: northwest D: southwest E: due east Rules for rising and setting They re all connected! Only on the equinoxes (March 21 or Sept. 21) does the sun sit right on the celestial equator. In December, the Sun is south of the celestial equator, north in June Rising and setting directions depend only on and objects position north, south or of the celestial equator An objects location relative to the celestial equator Where it rises and sets How high it gets in the sky How long it s up Which of these depend on your location??? SkyGazer is your best study tool! How high will the sun be in Boulder on June 21? a. Overhead (at the Zenith) b. 40 degrees c. 50 degrees d. 73 degrees e. None of the above (talk with your neighbors!) Around the fall equinox, where is the Sun directly overhead at noon? A: all latitudes B: 23.5 degrees north C: only on the equator D: 23.5 degrees south E: not at any latitude

7 Around the fall equinox, where is the Sun directly overhead at noon? A: all latitudes B: 23.5 degrees north C: only on the equator D: 23.5 degrees south E: not at any latitude Where will the Sun be directly overhead on 21 June? a. At noon at all latitudes b. At noon at 23 N c. At noon on the equator d. At noon at 23 S Where will the Sun be directly overhead on 21 June? a. At noon at all latitudes b. At noon at 23 N c. At noon on the equator d. At noon at 23 S Where will the Sun be directly overhead on 21 March? a. At noon at all latitudes b. At noon at 23 N c. At noon on the equator d. At noon at 23 S Where will the Sun be directly overhead on 21 March? a. At noon at all latitudes b. At noon at 23 N c. At noon on the equator d. At noon at 23 S Here s the Sun as we see in December at noon. How will it be different at noon in June? a. Larger because we re closer b. Higher in the sky c. Larger and higher in the sky d. No significant change

8 Here s the Sun as we see in December at noon. How will it be different at noon in June? a. Larger because we re closer b. Higher in the sky c. Larger and higher in the sky d. No significant change Where did the Sun rise on 22 Sept*, as seen from Boulder? A: northeast B: southeast C: northwest D: southwest E: due east Where did the Sun rise on 22 Sept*, as seen from Boulder? A: northeast B: southeast C: northwest D: southwest E: due east What If? What if What if Imagine Earth was shaped like a soup can, orbiting the sun with a slight tilt Will the hemispheres experience seasons? Imagine Earth was shaped like a soup can, surrounded by a tube of stars far overhead. Will stars change as you travel? How can you prove Earth isn t like this?

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