Astronomy 100 Section 2 MWF Greg Hall. Class Web Page. Outline. Astronomy: The Big Picture

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1 Astronomy 100 Section 2 MWF Greg Hall Leslie Looney Phone: uiuc. edu Office: Astro Building #218 Office Hours: MTF 10:30-11:30 a.m. or by appointment Class Web Page Remember that you can access the syllabus, observing sheets, and homework through the class website Outline Stars How many? Constellations and asterisms Useful? Angular sizes on the sky How long until the Sun sets? Diurnal motion Do stars move? Celestial sphere To help visualize the movement. Astronomy: The Big Picture

2 How many Stars can we see (naked eyed)? 1. A few million million million 2. A few thousand 3. Infinite 4. A few hundred thousand Stars In late July 2003, the number of stars was estimated to be: 70 sextillion 70 million million million 7 x ,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 About 10 times the number of grains of sand on all of the Earth s beaches and deserts The average person on a clear night can see about Star Groupings: Constellations Constellations Constellations are not real not physical. Constellations -- only a visual grouping of stars Ancient times - named after gods, heroes, and animals Modern times - 88 constellations with well defined boundaries. Asterism - a smaller group of stars Usually represent an easily defined pattern in the sky. The Big Dipper The Great Square of Pegasus Stars labelled in order of brightness (α, β, γ, δ, etc.)

3 Angular Sizes 1 circle = 360 degrees 1 degree = 60 minutes Angular Sizes Diameter of Sun or Moon roughly half a degree 1 minute = 60 arcseconds Jupiter is about 45 arcseconds 1 arcsecond is the angular size of a dime from about 2.5 miles away Earth rotates at 360 degrees/24 hours or 15 degrees per hour Constellations Little Dipper The constellations would look very different if the Earth was somewhere else. In fact many of the stars that we see in a constellation are far away from each other. Polaris Is Polaris the brightest star in the sky?

4 The Constellation Orion Orion QUESTION: If we took a time-lapse photo of the starry night sky toward the North Star, what would it look like? 1. As the stars are so far away, they appear fixed, so we ll see a bunch of bright dots. 2. As viewed from the Earth, each star moves differently, so each star will make little circles on the sky. 3. As the Earth rotates the stars seem to rise in the East and set in the West, so we ll see circles centered around the North Star. Motions in the Sky Earth rotation causes daily motion, also called diurnal motion. Rise in the West and set in the East is actually the Earth s motion. The Sun, Moon, planets, and stars all follow this motion. Where is Polaris in this picture?

5 Motions in the Sky Motions in the Sky Looking toward the South Celestial Pole Where is Polaris in these two sketches? Where is Polaris in this picture? Stars that never set at a location are called circumpolar stars. Where will you see the most circumpolar stars? Motions in the Sky For locations not at the pole or the equator, the angle is directly related to the latitude. In fact, the angle of Polaris from the horizon is also directly related to the observing latitude. Motions in the Sky Photograph from Mt. Kilimanjaro in Tanzania, Africa, which is at 3 Degrees South Latitude. Where is Polaris here? For Example, we are at about N, W, so Polaris is degrees above the horizon.

6 How does it effect your TV shows? The Earth rotates 15 degrees every hour so Noon occurs at different times at different places. The Celestial Sphere How can we set the data we have into a simple picture? Put all of the stars on a transparent globe. The Earth s North Pole is under the North Celestial Pole. The Earth s South Pole is under the South Celestial Pole. The Earth s equator is under the Celestial equator. The Celestial Sphere Other ways to look at the same thing. Zenith the point directly above the observer Horizon the imaginary line that marks the intersection of Earth and Sky.

7

8 Reality Really the stars are not fixed to a transparent sphere. It is a good approximation for naked-eye astronomy because the stars are REALLY far away more than 25 trillion miles. BUT, the stars do move with respect to each other. Nonetheless, the celestial sphere is useful for finding your way around the skies. Next week, we ll see that there are also yearly motions. Question? What would the constellations look like from the point of view of a nearby star?

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