Chapter 1 Astronomy Lesson 1 Our Solar System S4E1.b, d; S4E2.d; S4CS7.b;

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2 Table of Contents Georgia Performance Standards Correlation Chart Performance Standards Chapter 1 Astronomy Lesson 1 Our Solar System S4E1.b, d; S4E2.d; S4CS7.b; Lesson 2 Lesson 3 S4CS8.c Stars S4E1.a, d The Night Sky S4E1.a c; S4CS4.c; S4CS7.b; S4CS8.a, d Lesson 4 Day and Night S4E2.a; S4CS4.a c Lesson 5 Seasons S4E2.c; S4CS4.a, b Lesson 6 Phases of the Moon S4E2.b; S4CS4.c Chapter 1 Review Chapter 2 Weather Lesson 7 Water S4E3.a, b Lesson 8 Lesson 9 Lesson 10 Lesson 11 Lesson 12 Clouds and Precipitation S4E3.c, e The Water Cycle S4E3.d Measuring Weather S4E4.a; S4CS1.a; S4CS2.c; S4CS5.c; S4CS7.a; S4CS8.a d Weather Maps S4E4.b, c; S4CS4.b, c Predicting the Weather S4E4.c, d; S4CS1.a, b; S4CS4.c; Chapter 2 Review S4CS5.c Chapter 3 Physical Science Lesson 13 The Behavior of Light S4P1.b Lesson 14 Lesson 15 Lesson 16 Lesson 17 Lesson 18 Transparent, Translucent, and Opaque Materials S4P1.a Optical Tools S4P1.c; S4CS8.c Sound S4P2.a, b; S4CS3.a; S4CS5.c Forces and Motion S4P3.b d Simple Machines S4P3.a Chapter 3 Review

3 Chapter 4 Life Science Lesson 19 Producers, Consumers, and Decomposers S4L1.a Lesson 20 Lesson 21 Lesson 22 Lesson 23 Performance Standards S4L1 2 Food Chains and Food Webs S4L1.a, b; S4CS4.b Changes in the Environment S4L1.c, d; S4CS4.a, c Adaptations S4L2.a Survival of Species S4L2.b Chapter 4 Review Investigations Investigation 1 How Does Water Change? S4E3.a; S4CS1.a, b, d; S4CS3.b; S4CS4.c; S4CS5.a Investigation 2 Gravity and Friction S4P3.a, b, d; S4CS1.a d; S4CS2.a, c; S4CS3.a, d; S4CS5.a, c; S4CS6.a; S4CS7.a; S4CS8.a Glossary Pretest Posttest

4 Chapter 1 Lesson 3 The Night Sky Standards: S4E1.a c; S4CS4.c; S4CS7.b; S4CS8.a, d Key Words pattern constellation astronomer Getting the Idea Since ancient times, people have looked at the night sky. They looked for patterns of stars. Some of these patterns are called constellations. Constellations Scientists try to find patterns in nature. A pattern is something that happens in a regular way you can predict, or guess. Regular shapes such as squares and triangles can also form patterns. A constellation is an imagined pattern of stars. Most constellations are described as looking like objects or living things. Egyptians described constellations thousands of years ago. Ancient Chinese people did, too. Almost 2000 years ago, the Romans described and named 48 constellations. Those are the names and star patterns we talk about today. The drawing below shows the constellation called Ursa Major. People thought the pattern of stars looked like a bear. Ursa Major is Latin for big bear. 19

5 People sometimes use stars and constellations to find directions. For example, take the star Polaris. It is part of the constellation Ursa Minor, or the little bear. Ursa Minor is also called the Little Dipper. In the night sky, Polaris is above the North Pole. People in the northern half of Earth use Polaris to find where north is. Look at the picture below. It shows the Big Dipper and the Little Dipper. The Big Dipper is part of the constellation Ursa Major. If you picture an arrow as shown from the Big Dipper to the Little Dipper, you can find Polaris. Little Dipper Polaris Big Dipper Polaris is also called the North Star. It appears to be above Earth s North Pole. So, if you face Polaris, you are facing north. To your right is east. To your left is west. And behind you is south. The North Star (also called Polaris) is one of the brightest stars we see from Earth. 20 Chapter 1: Astronomy

6 Lesson 3: The Night Sky Stars and Planets Stars and planets both look like tiny points of light to us on Earth. But how they seem to move is different. The pattern of stars in a constellation stays the same. However, you can see a planet in different places at different times compared to the stars. The sun is the closest star to Earth. Other stars are so far away that they seem to be fixed in place compared to each other. For example, we always see Polaris in the same place in the Little Dipper. The other planets in our solar system are much closer to Earth than the stars are. They move around the sun like Earth does. So to us on Earth, planets appear to move across the pattern of stars in the night sky. You cannot see them move in one night. But you can see the planets move if you watch the sky for weeks or months. Ancient people noticed that planets move from one place to another. People have watched the way Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn move for thousands of years. In fact, the word planet comes from a word that means wanderer. A scientist who studies objects in space, like moving planets, is called an astronomer. Discussion Question How do you think sailors on the ocean long ago used star patterns? What do modern sailors use for this purpose? 21

7 Lesson Review 1. What is a constellation? A. a pattern of planets B. a pattern of stars C. a star D. a scientist who studies objects in space 2. Which object can you always find above the North Pole? A. Mars B. Polaris C. Saturn D. Venus 3. What did ancient astronomers notice about Mercury and Mars? A. They form constellations. B. They are found just above the North Pole. C. They do not move across the night sky. D. They move across the night sky. 22 Chapter 1: Astronomy