2007 TU24. Astronomy 122. Compass Grading 2007 TU24. An asteroid cometh..

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1 Astronomy 122 This Class (Lecture 5): Our Solar System Next Class: An asteroid cometh TU24 Found by high schoolers, automatic telescope observations. Relative speed of 29,000 miles/hour It is closest to Earth today! Telescopes Homework #2 due Sun! Music: Spaceboy The Smashing Pumpkins 2007 TU24 Closest approach of any KNOWN asteroid until Will get within 1.4 Moon radii It s size is estimated to be 75 to 300 meters ( ft) If it hit the Earth, it would be like 200 to 7000 Mtons Compass Grading HW1-MC = the multiple choice questions only HW1-Short = the short answer questions only (not yet graded) HW#1 = HW1-MC + HW1-Short since HW1-short not yet graded it is incomplete so () Dates like 15-Jan are iclicker grades. 15-Jan was extra credit, others are real. Remember I will drop the lowest 5-10 of these. Some people are still not registered.. figure that out ASAP. Dates like Jan23 are discussion class participation credit.

2 Outline The Moon s Phases Eclipses Our Solar System The Lunar Orbit The Moon is Earth's nearest neighbour in space About 30 Earth diameters away Orbits the Earth once in a little under a month Like the Earth orbits the Sun, the Moon orbits the Earth counter-clockwise (looking down on the North Pole) Moon Light from the Sun Ecliptic plane 5º Earth Plane of Moon s orbit The Lunar Orbit The Moon does not give off any light of its own. The light we see is reflected sunlight. It reflects only about 10% of the light, which is not that reflective. The Moon During The Day The Moon is regularly in the daytime sky! A common misconception is that you can t see it. Moon Light from the Sun Ecliptic plane 5º Earth Plane of Moon s orbit

3 Phases of the Moon Over the orbit, the Moon's appearance changes radically The apparent Phases of the Moon depend on how much of the sun-lit side of the Moon we can see. This is caused by the relative positions of the Earth, Moon, and Sun. Not caused by the shadow of the Earth Waxing crescent The Cycle of Phases As the Moon orbits the Earth, we see it go through a cycle of phases At Home Phases Demo Hold a softball (or equivalent) toward the sun (or a lightbulb) Spin around, and watch the ball experience phases like the Moon!

4 Question The Phases of the Moon are caused by a) The shadow of the Earth onto the Moon. b) The relative positions of Earth, Moon, and Sun. c) The rotation of the Earth. d) The rotation of the Moon. e) The rotation of the Sun. The Face of the Moon The Moon Rotates Did you notice that we only see one face of the Moon? Does this mean the moon doesn t rotate? No, the Moon rotates so that the same face is always pointed at the Earth A lunar day equals a lunar orbit! No rotation Rotation period= Orbit period

5 Dark Side of the Moon? Is there really a dark side of the Moon? NO! It is better called the Far Side of the Moon. There is a side we don t see, but during the New Moon phase, it is well lit. Basically the lunar day is nearly a month long. Moonset Visible side Far side (not visible) Moonrise Question New Moon is when the visible side of the Moon is not lit by the Sun. This must mean that a) The Moon is farther away from the Earth b) The Moon is closer to the Earth c) The Moon is farther away from the Sun than Earth is from the Sun. d) The Moon is closer to the Sun than Earth is to the Sun. e) The dark side of the Moon is still dark. Lunar Eclipse When the Moon passes into the Earth's shadow Sun Earth Moon During full moon Basic of Eclipses Solar Eclipse When the Earth crosses the Moon's shadow Sun Moon Earth During new moon

6 Total Lunar Eclipse Time Lapse Occurs when the Moon passes through Earth s dark shadow (umbra) completely. Red Moon During a total lunar eclipse, the Moon turns a bloodred/burnt orange color. Occur roughly twice a year, and last for about an hour or two. Can be seen by anyone experiencing night during the lunar eclipse. Red color caused by sunlight diffused through the Earth's atmosphere Atmosphere scatters blue light away, so Moon is dimly illuminated in red Total Lunar Eclipse Eclipsed Color depends on Earth s Atmosphere

7 Earth passes into the Moon s shadow Solar Eclipses Only occur at the new moon Three types Partial when the moon only partially blocks the sun Total when the moon completely blocks the sun Annular when the moon is too small to completely block the sun Solar Eclipses Moon casts a shadow on the Earth. Only possible because the Moon and Sun are approximately the same size as seen from Earth, around ½ a degree. Occur roughly twice a year, and last only a matter of minutes. The Moon s shadow can t completely cover the Earth. Viewable only in a very small band of area across the Earth (about 270 km in width). Erding, Germany 1999 Total Solar Eclipses Digitally Added Picture As the Moon covers the Sun, light shines through lunar valleys, creating a diamond ring effect At totality, we can see the corona, a halo of very hot gas around the Sun

8 An Eclipse Movie Annular Eclipse When the Moon is farthest from the Earth, it is too small in the sky to completely cover the Sun This results in an ring of sunlight around the Moon Called an annular eclipse Are they nuts? Annular Eclipse Movie More on the Lunar Orbit The Moon's orbit around the Earth not a perfect circle Distance from the Earth to the Moon varies by 10% This makes a noticeable difference in the Moon s size in the sky perigee apogee

9 Path of the Eclipse Solar Eclipse Seen from Space Shadow of the Moon races across globe. Which Solar Eclipse Would You Like to Witness? Question Why doesn t a Solar Eclipse happen every New Moon?

10 Question Why doesn t a Solar Eclipse happen every New Moon? a) The Moon/Earth orbit isn t aligned. b) Shadows are complicated things c) You have to be in the right place to see them, but they do happen every Full Moon.

Outline. Astronomy 122. The Cycle of Phases. As the Moon orbits the Earth, we see it go through a cycle of phases. The Moon s Phases Eclipses

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