10-20 billion years old
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1 Universe : billion years old Big Bang Theory * the universe started at a single point * that point was extremely dense * it became unstable and expanded outward * The universe is still expanding proof: + Red Shift of light (red shift = away, blue shift = towards) + Cosmic background radiation + Doppler effect (like the sound of a car coming towards and moving away from you)
2 pg 23 Stars & their life cycle Energy luminosity - generate energy by nuclear fusion (conversion of hydrogen into helium) Classification of Stars - how bright a star appears as compared to our Sun temperature K - 30,000 K - temperature equates to a star's color H-R Diagram (ESRT pg 15) (nebula) (protostar) early stage intermediate stage late stage
3 - large average size - many moons - longer period of revolution - gaseous (hydrogen) - low density - rings - small relative size - few or no moons - shorter period of revolution - rocky crust - dense core heliocentric geocentric asteroids comets meteors - Sun-centered view of the solar system - Earth-centered view of the solar system - solid, rock-like, circular orbits - live in a belt between Mars & Jupiter - "dirty snowballs": dust trapped in frozen water, have a tail - meteroids that pass through Earth's atmosphere (shooting stars) meters in diameter or smaller
4 pg 27 Eccentricity How circular or flattened an orbit is foci - focal points of an orbit greatest orbital velocity (speed) - closest to Sun in its orbit Kepler's 2nd law eccentricity = distance between foci length of major axis **answers are always 0 x 1 *NO UNITS* circle (minimum) straight line (maximum) distance between the foci cannot be greater that the length of the major axis examples : e= distance between foci length of major axis measurements to nearest tenths! e = 2.0 cm 6.0 cm no units! they cancel out *calculations to nearest thousandths!
5 pg 41 revolution rotation MOON - natural, planetary satellite of the Earth - has no atmosphere, has lots of craters, man has walked on the moon days (full to full days) days ** we only see one side because as the Moon rotates, it revolves around the Earth at the same rate** - Moon rises later each day because as Earth rotates, the moon revolves.
6 eclipse occurrence - only occur during Full Moon or New Moon phases - do not occur every month because the Moon's orbit is tipped 5 Solar eclipse - occurs during New Moon - Earth goes through Moon's shadow Lunar eclipse - occurs during Full Moon - Moon goes through Earth's shadow TIDES -the rise and fall of ocean waters caused by the gravitational pull of the Moon and Sun - high and low tides are not exactly 12 hours apart *why? as Earth rotates, the moon revolves - 4 tides per day (2 high & 2 low) - occurs 50 minutes later that the previous day Neap tides 1st & 3rd qtr low range Spring tides full & new moon high range
7 movement period Rotation - spins on axis - 1 day (24 hrs) (360 / 24 hrs = 15 /hr) Revolution - orbits around a foci or 2 focal points - 1 year ( days) evidence - rising & setting of Sun - rising & setting of Moon - movement of stars through the sky - Polaris = North Star * only star that doesn't move * only seen in Northern Hemisphere - Foucault Pendulum * the apparent change in the direction of movement of a swinging pendulum - Coriolis Effect * deflection of winds and currents towards the right in the Northern Hemisphere changing seasons - changing constellations * basis for zodiac * Parallax : the shift in the position of an object caused by the change in the observer's position.
8 pg 35 Earth's Apparent Motions Seasons & Sun's Path - Sun rises generally in the EAST and sets in the WEST - path changes because as the Earth rotates on its axis, it's revolving around the Sun *Earth is tilted 23.5 apparent= looks like Length of day Month Seasonal Name hours of daylight December Winter Solstice 8 hours March Vernal Equinox 12 hours June Summer Solstice 16 hours September Autumnal Equinox 12 hours Polaris - The North Star - can be found in the northern sky at an altitude equal to your latitude
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