YOU NIAN RULES AND TERMS IN DUNHUANG FENG SHUI MANUSCRIPTS

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1 YOU NIAN RULES AND TERMS IN DUNHUANG FENG SHUI MANUSCRIPTS Jing Wei University of Wisconsin Madison ABSTRACT You Nian ( 游年 Yearly Cycles), related to Ba Gua is an important component of Dunhuang Feng Shui manuscripts. Those contents are the earliest extant predecessors of later uniform You Nian divination methods. You Nian is used to divine not only the auspiciousness of a house and how to make it auspicious, but also the fate of people. Decoding the right meaning and the rules of some terms divination order, like Fu De and You Hun, will benefit the understanding of ancient Feng Shui rules and its history of change. KEY WORDS You Nian, Feng Shui, Ba Gua, You Hun. INTRODUCTION The divination method called You Nian ( 游年 Yearly Cycles) is always divided into two kinds. One is to divine the fate of people, another is to divine the auspiciousness of houses people live in. The latter is still popular among Feng Shui masters today. Xiao ji( 萧吉 ), who lived almost fifteen hundred years ago in the Sui and Tang dynasties of ancient China, explained the first kind of You Nian carefully, as follows: You Nian has three names and it is divided into two categories. The three names are You Nian, Xing Nian and Nia Li. You Nian divine people s fate according to eight diagrams ( 八卦 Ba Gua), but Xing Nian and Nian Li divine people s fate according to Liu Jia( 六甲 )(16th -17th century, editored in 1988). 1

2 The second kind of You Nian is related to Feng Shui and it also uses Ba Gua for divination. It refers to the famous Eight Mantion Theory( 八宅法 ), and is divided into two categories. One judges whether a house is auspicious according to which palace 1 this house is in. The other finds an auspicious house for a certain person according to his birth year and the palace the house belongs to. In this divination, the divination order of Bian Yao ( 变爻 changing lines 2 on a trigram of Ba Gua) is very important. According to the change of all eight lines, each change corresponds to one description of augury, which consists of Yan Nian( 延年 Longevity), Tian Yi( 天医 Celestial Doctor), Huo Hai( 祸害 Bane), and so on. However, the method used to change the lines on a trigram of Ba Gua in You Nian to create the divination order is not consistent throughout the history of China. Different materials recorded different divination orders, just as what Xiong Qipan (17 th -18 th century) said in the Qing dynasty: Longevity ( 延年 Yan Nian) is always regarded as Celestial Doctor( 天医 Tian Yi) Bane ( 祸害 Huo Hai) is always regarded as Longevity ( 延年 Yan Nian). Five Ghosts ( 五鬼 Wu Gui) is always regarded as Bane ( 祸害 Huo Hai). Celestial Doctor ( 天医 Tian Yi) is always regarded as Five Ghosts ( 五鬼 Wu Gui) That confuses us and does harm to people. 3 During the Ming and Qing dynasties, a uniform divination order related to You Nian was gradually formed and widely accepted. The divination order used in Dunhuang manuscripts and in the Qing dynasty materials will be discussed and compared in this article. The former is the earliest record about how to change the lines related to You Nian in all extant materials. The latter is the representation of the uniform divination order that was formed hundreds of years later. This paper will compare the former and the latter referred to above in order to decode the related Dunhuang manuscripts. From the Ming and Qing dynasties until now, the first kind of You Nian is always called Small Yearly Cycles ( 小游年 Xiao You Nian) and the second kind is always called Big Yearly Cycles ( 大游年 Da You Nian). A book titled Xie Ji Bian Fang Shu 协纪辩方书, edited and revised by 梅毂成 (Mei, Gucheng, B.C,pp , pp ) and his colleagues, describes the difference between them: Bian Gua of Xiao You Nian, which is called Jiu Yao or Fan Gua in Qing Nang Jing 青囊经 Aftertime it is used to divine whether it is auspicious to marry someone. It is called You Nian. But because there is another kind of You Nian related to divine auspicious of houses, this kind of You Nian is also called Small You Nian(Xiao You Nian) You Nian used to divine auspicious of houses and graves is called Big You Nian (Da You Nian). 1 There are always nine palaces, eight of them are named after Chinese Ba Gua, which is consisted of Qian 乾, Kun 坤, Zhen 震, Xun 巽, Kan 坎, Li 离, Gen 艮 and Dui 兑 ; and the ninth is named Middle Palace. 2 It means changing Male Line (Yang Yao 阳爻 ) composed of one long horizontal line into Female Line (Yin Yao 阴爻 ) composed of two short horizontal lines. 3 It accords with a manuscript printed in Qing dynasty. 2

3 I. YOU NIAN RULES EXISTING IN DUNHUANG MANUSCRIPTS OF ZHAI AND ZANG 4 The word You Nian does not appear in any Zhai or Zang manuscripts of Dunhuang, but in manuscript P. 2615b, there are some words related to You Nian, for example: Five Ghosts, Celestial Doctor, and so on. The divination order in this manuscript approximates to that in the existing Da You Nian order (Chen, Yuzhu, 2007, pp ). The divination order recorded in P. 2615b is as follows: Anyone born at the time between 11:00p.m and 1:00a.m (Zi Shi 子时 ) belongs to Kan Palace 坎宫 dwell in house in Qian Palace 乾宫, the description of augury is Five Ghosts (Wu Gui) Anyone born at the time between 1:00a.m and 5:00a.m (Chou and Yin Shi 丑寅时 ) belongs to Gen Palace 艮宫 dwell in house in Zhen Palace 震宫, the description of augury is Five Ghosts (Wu Gui) dwell in house in Qian Palace 乾宫, the description of augury is Celestial Doctor (Tian Yi) The description of Big Moral (Da De 大德 ) is in Dui Palace 兑宫 Anyone born at the time between 5:00a.m and 7:00a.m (Mao Shi 卯时 ) belongs to Zhen Palace 震宫 dwell in house in Gen Palace 艮宫, the description of augury is Five Ghosts (Wu Gui) dwell in house in Kan Palace 坎宫, the description of augury is Celestial Doctor (Tian Yi) Anyone born at the time between 7:00a.m and 11:00a.m (Chen and Si Shi 辰巳时 ) belongs to Xun Palace 巽宫 should not dwell in Dui Palace 兑宫, the description of augury is Five Ghosts (Wu Gui) It is nice to dwell in Kan Palace 坎宫, the description of augury is Vital Energy (Sheng Qi 生气 ) dwell in Li Palace 离宫, the description of augury is Celestial Doctor (Tian Yi) Anyone born at the time between 11:00a.m and 1:00p.m (Wu Shi 午时 ) belongs to Li Palace 离宫 It is nice to dwell in Zhen Palace 震宫, the description of augury is Vital Energy (Sheng Qi). It is auspicious and will take longlife dwell in Xun Palace 巽宫, the description of augury is Celestial Doctor (Tian Yi) dwell in Kun Palace 坤宫, the description of augury is Five Ghosts (Wu Gui) dwell in Kan Palace 坎宫, the description of augury is Big Moral (Da De) Anyone born at the time between 1:00p.m and 5:00p.m (Wei and Shen Shi 未申时 ) belongs to Li Palace 离宫 dwell in house in Li Palace 离宫, the description of augury is Five Ghosts (Wu Gui) It is nice to dwell in Gen Palace 艮宫, the description of augury is Vital Energy(Sheng Qi) dwell in Dui Palace 兑宫, the description of augury is Celestial Doctor (Tian Yi) dwell in Qian Palace 乾宫, the description of augury is Big Moral (Da De) 4 Zhai means dwelling place and Zang means gavesite. 3

4 Anyone born at the time between 5:00p.m and 7:00p.m (You Shi 酉时 ) belongs to Dui Palace 兑宫 dwell in house in Xun Palace 巽宫, it will make people ill in five years, the description of augury is Five Ghosts (Wu Gui) dwell in Qian Palace 乾宫, the description of augury is Vital Energy(Sheng Qi) dwell in Kun Palace 坤宫, the description of augury is Celestial Doctor (Tian Yi) dwell in Gen Palace 艮宫, the description of augury is Big Moral (Da De 大德 ) Anyone born at the time between 7:00p.m and 11:00p.m (Xu and Hai Shi 戌亥时 ) belongs to Qian Palace 乾宫 dwell in house in Kan Palace 坎宫, the description of augury is Five Ghosts (Wu Gui) It is nice to dwell in Dui Palace 兑宫, the description of augury is Vital Energy(Sheng Qi) It is nice to dwell in Gen Palace 艮宫, the description of augury is Celestial Doctor(Tian Yi) dwell in Kun Palace 坤宫, the description of augury is Big Moral (Da De) It is well known that in a divinatory symbol( 卦 Gua)consisting of three lines ( 三爻 San Yao), arranged from lower to upper, the first line is the bottommost one, the second line is the middle one, and the third line is the uppermost one. According to the materials cited above, if the first line and the third line of a certain Gua a person belongs to change at the same time to become another Gua, it will correspond to a description of an augury called Five Ghosts (Wu Gui), no matter what its Gua name ( 卦名 ) is. If the first line and the second line of the Gua change, it will correspond to a description of an augury called Celestial Doctor (Tian Yi). If all of the three lines change, it will get another Gua corresponding to a description called Big Moral (Da De). If only the third line changes, it will get another Gua corresponding to a description called Vital Energy(Sheng Qi). In the universal uniform divination order of Da You Nian (Mei, Gucheng 梅毂成 and his colleagues in the Qing dynasty, pp ): if only the third line changes, it will get a Gua corresponding to Sheng Qi; if the second line and the third line change, it will get a Gua corresponding to Wu Gui; if all of the three lines change, it will get a Gua corresponding to Yan Nian; if the first line and the third line change, it will get a Gua corresponding to Six Curses ( 六煞 Liu Sha); if the first line changes, it will get a Gua corresponding to Huo Hai; if the first line and the second line change, it will get a Gua corresponding to Tian Yi; if the second line changes, it will get a Gua corresponding to Jue Ming( 绝命 Death). The reason why some descriptions of augury are auspicious and others are not is explained clearly in Yu Gang Zhai Bi Chen 郁冈斋笔尘 (Wang, Kentang, 王肯堂, 14 th -15 th century): If things cater each other innately, it will get Vital Energy (Sheng Qi). If things cater each other postnatally, it will get Longevity (Yan Nian). If five elements (Wu Shu 五数 ) of things cater each other, it will get Celestial Doctor (Tian Yi) If things can not cater each other, it will be inauspicious. 4

5 In summary, the divination order in P. 2615b approximates to that in the later uniform divination order of Big You Nian (Da You Nian). The differences between them are as follows: Firstly, there are no divination descriptions of augury like Sheng Qi, Wu Gui and so on in P. 2615b when the second line and the third line of the Gua people belong to change, the first line of the Gua people belong to changes, and the second line of the Gua people belong to changes. For instance, when the second line and the third line change, it only describes that: it will do harm to the host in eight years it will do harm to the eldest daughter in four or seven years and it will do harm to the eldest son in three years. Secondly, when the first line and the third line change, the divination description of the augury is Five Ghosts (Wu Gui) in P. 2615a while it is Six Curses (Liu Sha) in later uniform Da You Nian. Wu Gui and Liu Sha are all inauspicious descriptions of augury. In the later uniform order, Wu Gui corresponds to the change of the second line and the third line. As to the word Big Moral (Da De) presented in P. 2615b, Chen Yuzhu (2007, p. 157) deduced that: maybe it is the same thing as Felicity and Moral (Fu De 福德 ) in S According to Xie Ji Bian Fang Shu, Fu De in P. 2842V is a proper divine noun used in Xiao You Nian. Also because the orders of change of lines corresponding to Tian Yi are different in Da You Nian and in Xiao You Nian, it can be deduced that maybe Da De is the same thing as Fu De. The deduction of Chen is confused. According to the divination order in P. 2615b, Da De corresponds to the situation when all three lines change. In later divination order of Da You Nian, if three lines of a Gua change, it will correspond to Yan Nian. Thus, it can be seen, Da De in P. 2615b is actually the same thing as Yan Nian, not Fu De. Furthermore, as to the word Felicity and Moral (Fu De), there is a sentence including it, as follows, in both P. 2615a P. 3492: Felicity is in the south of a house; moral is in the west of a house; punishment is in the north of a house; and misfortune is in the east of a house. Felicity is in the north of a gravesite; moral is in the east of a gravesite; punishment is in the west of a gravesite; and misfortune is in the south of a gravesite. This shows that felicity, moral, punishment and misfortune are related to the four directions, and are not related to Ba Gua. In addition, felicity and moral, and punishment and misfortune are also presented in P. 3856: thus the directions corresponding to felicity and moral, always depend on Heaven Moral (Tian De 天德 ) and Moon Moral (Yue De 月德 ); and they will take nabobism. In P. 3856, felicity, moral, punishment and misfortune not only correspond to the four directions, but also correspond to the twenty-four directions that include those four directions. 5

6 It should be emphasized that the content of P is almost the same as that in Huang Di Zhai Jing 黄帝宅经, but in the latter, there are Sheng Qi, Wu Gui and Jue Ming, which do not exist in P According to the photography of P. 3856, it can be seen that the fact that those word are missing has not been caused by a deformity of the manuscript. In addition, Sheng Qi appears in Huang Di Zhai Jing several times, but it cannot be found anywhere in P It is well known that nowadays Sheng Qi, Wu Gui and Jue Ming appear simultaneously only in Da You Nian, which is used for divination regarding a house. Huang Di Zhai Jing and P all describe the general theories of divination regarding a house. 5 None of them make an effort to introduce a certain kind of method of divination for a house. Those general theories can used to explain all kinds of concrete methods. Da You Nian is just one kind of divination method. Although P does not mention Da You Nian, the basic theory of it has been described there. Therefore, overtime, some words and concepts of Da You Nian were added gradually into the literatures. That is why there are those differences between P and later Huang Di Zhai Jing. Additionally, P is also called Huang Di Zhai Jing. To distinguish them, P is called Dunhuang Huang Di Zhai Jing 敦煌本黄宅经, and the other is called Huang Di Zhai Jing passed through generations 传世本黄帝宅经. Otherwise, as stated above, Fu De is now used only in Xiao You Nian, which has nothing to do with a house (Feng shui). But in Dunhuang manuscripts, it is also used while performing divination for houses. This will be discussed in the following text. II THE WORD WANDERING GHOST (YOU HUN 游魂 ) IN DUNHUANG MANUSCRIPTS Some Dunhuang manuscripts definitely mention the word You Nian definitely. Prof. Huang Zhengjian 黄正建 and Dr. Wang Aihe 王爱和 have both counted them. In Prof. Huang s book, P. 2675V, P. 2842V, S. 6164, P. 3602V, S. 5553, P. 2830, S. 5772, Дx , P. 3066, P. 2856, P. 3896V, S and S are classified into a category called Destiny (Lu Ming 禄命 ); and P. 2978V, S and P. 3081V are classified into another category called Business Divination (Shi Xiang Zhan 事项占 ). In Wang Aihe s paper, he classified S. 6164, S. 5553, P. 2830, Дx , S. 5772, P and P. 2842V into a category named Five Palaces (Jiu Gong 九宫 ); and he classified P. 2856, P. 2978V, S. 6216, P. 3081V, P. 2675V, P. 2675bis and S into a category named Time (Shi Ri 时日 ). Wang has also emendated those manuscripts in detail. In all those manuscripts above, P. 2842V, S. 6164, P. 3602V, P. 2830, S. 5772, Дx , P and P. 3081V are related to the first category of Xiao You Nian, which is called You Nian; and P. 2856, part of P. 2675V, S. 5553, S. 5772, P. 3066, P. 2856, P. 3896V, S. 6215, S. 6157, P. 2978V and S are related to the second category of Small You Nian (Xiao You Nian), called Nian Li. The word You Hun appeared in the following, quoted from S. 5772: 5 which could be summed as follow: Now secret experiences of all schools are adopted. They always divide directions into twenty four parts. They always use Ba Gua and Jiu Gong to divine. They always fit those directions, Ba Gua and Jiu Gong with male and female attribute. In sum, houses can be divided into two kinds, male houses and female houses. All methods on divining houses are based on these male and female houses theory 6

7 When Ba Gua is arranged, number one will match along with Li 离. If it is counted to number eight and it happens to match along with Xun 巽, the Gua should move back and make number eight match along with Li 离 dwelling in a place corresponding to Tian Yi and Fu De, it will be nice to welcome the army, avoid illness and request money. It is auspicious. Dwelling in a place corresponding to You Hun 游魂, it will not be suitable to jaunt and go on a punitive expedition Wang, Aihe has discussed the word You Hun above. He considered You Hun the name of a Gua in Yi 易. It was consisted of six lines. Then Wang thought it was confused because in You Nian only Guas with three lines can be found. He also considered that when the first and third line changed together and when all three lines changed, no definite name for them could be found in Dunhuang manuscripts that mentioned the word of You Hun. So Wang thought maybe You Hun corresponded to the change of the first and the third line together (2003, p. 85). In Wang, Aihe s study above, he ignored that You Hun is also a kind of description of augury in Xiao You Nian, which is always used to divine marriage. The descriptions of augury of it consist of Gui Hun (Revenant Ghost 归魂 ), Sheng Qi, Tian Yi, Wu Gui, You Hun, Jue Ti (Exhausted Body 绝体 ), Jue Ming and Fu De. Gui Hun is the place where You Nian was sited before the change. The relationship between Xiao You Nian and Da You Nian is as follows(mei, Gucheng 梅毂成 and his colleagues in the Qing dynasty, pp ): When the third line changes, it will correspond to Sheng Qi both in Xiao You Nian and Da You Nian When the second and the third lines change, it will correspond to Tian Yi in Xiao You Nian and Wu Gui in Da You Nian. When the first line changes, it will correspond to Wu Gui in Da You Nian and Huo Hai in Xiao You Nian. When the first and the second lines change, it will correspond to Fu De in Xiao You Nian and Tian Yi in Da You Nian. When the first and the third lines change, it will correspond to You Hun in Xiao You Nian and Liu Sha in Da You Nian. When the second line changes, it will correspond to Jue Ming both in Xiao You Nian and Da You Nian. When all of the third lines change, it will correspond to Jue Ti in Xiao You Nian and Yan Nian in Da You Nian. As noted above, Xiao You Nian is always used to divine people s life and it has nothing to do with houses. But Da You Nian is always used to predict whether a dwelling house is auspicious, and whether it is appropriate for a certain person to dwell in a certain house. In Dunhuang manuscripts of augury, the word You Nian only refers to Small You Nian (Xiao You Nian) appearing in those auguries used to divine the fate of people and they all have nothing to do with houses. But the divination order in those manuscripts does not completely 7

8 accord with those in Small You Nian (Xiao You Nian). Some accord with those in Big You Nian (Da You Nian). For example, in P. 2830, when the fate of a person belongs to Li Palace 离宫, if the first line and the third line of Li Gua 离卦 change together, it will get a Gua named Gen 艮, and the description of the augury is Huo Hai; if the second line changes, it will get a Gua named Qian 乾, and the description of the augury is Jue Ming; if the third line changes, it will get a Gua named Zhen 震, and the description of the augury is Sheng Qi. Additionally, there are some differences between the divination order of Da You Nian and P. 2615b, which is also related to divination for a house. As discussed above, Da De in P. 2615b is called Yan Nian in Da You Nian, and Wu Gui in P. 2615b is called Liu Sha in Da Younia. In some manuscripts, the divination order of Xiao You Nian and that of Da Younin appear simultaneously in one material. For example, in P. 2842V, part of its divination order accords with Xiao You Nian, and the rest accords with Da You Nian. Changing of lines related to Huo Hai, Jue Ming and Sheng Qi accords with Da You Nian, but when the second line and the third line change, the description of the augury is Tian Yi, not Wu Gui. When the first and the second line change together, the description of the augury corresponding to it is Fu De, and not Tian Yi. Those accord with Xiao You Nian. Except for the Dunhuang manuscripts of augury, there are still some other documents related to divination for a house recording a divination order, which is different from that in Da You Nian. The following quoted from a book written in the Jin dynasty (10 th -11 th century), New Geographical Book (Di Li Xin Shu 地理新书 )(Anonymous, 2002, p. 18), can best illuminate this phenomenon: First change [change of the third line 6 ] brings Sheng Qi Second change [change of the second line] brings Tian Yi Third change [change of the first line] brings Jue Ti Fourth change [change of the first and the third lines] brings You Hun Fifth change [change of the first line] brings Wu Gui Sixth change [change of the first and the second lines] brings Fu De Seventh change [change of the second line] brings Jue Ming Eighth change brings all things back to origin The divination order above does not accord with that in P. 2615b and in Da You Nian, although it is used in divination for houses. It is in accordance with that in Xiao You Nian. Tian Yu Jing 天玉经 also mentioned Xiao You Nian when discussing how to find auspicious dwelling places and gravesites. Thus, it can be seen that Xiao You Nian was related to the augury of houses and gravesites, at first. Two sentences in Suo Yin Xuan Zong 索引玄宗 may give the answers as to why: If what is You Nian and what is Da You Nian and Xiao You Nian are asked, the answer is that there are nine stars, each of which match a year, and these nine stars can match along with eight directions. So when a year belongs to a certain palace, its directions change along with postnatal directions. Thus, it is not called cycles of stars, but called yearly cycles. It changes according to the change of Gua. In Da You Nian, lines change from down to up in Xiao You Nian, lines change from up to down 6 Contents in square brackets are added by author. 8

9 Based on the documents above, augury (including augury of geography) originated from Xiao You Nian. In Xiao You Nian, the lines of a Gua change from up to down. There are eleven Guas. According to the formulas of Gua, heaven and earth Gua are ancestors, Sheng Qi and Tian Yi are used to arrange water, Jue Ti and You Hun are used to find a site, Wu Gui is used to arrange directions, Fu De is used to arrange directions and water, and Jue Ming, Jue Ti and You Hun are used to find a site. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, first, in Dunhuang manuscripts, although the two kinds of You Nian have been existed, some of the descriptions of augury were not named then. Although P. 2615b is named One Volume of Eight Mansion Scripture 八宅经一卷 at its beginning and it is actually related to You Nian, the word You Nian cannot be found anywhere in P. 2615b. Second, as discussed above, in the time of creating Dunhuang manuscripts, the divination order of Da You Nian and that of Xiao You Nian were not clearly distinguished. These two kinds of orders were always mixed up to in use and the one used specially to divine people s fate in later times was also used to divine houses at that time. Third, it is known that although those two kinds of divination order are always mixed up to use in one augury, the rule of one divination order has never been mixed with that of another divination order. For example, in P. 2842V, the change of the first line corresponds to Huo Hai, the change of the second line corresponds to Jue Ming, and the change of the third line corresponds to Sheng Qi. These three kinds of changes and their descriptions of augury both accord with Da You Nian 7. In P. 2842V, the change of the first and the third lines corresponds to Tian Yi and the change of the first and the second lines corresponds to Fu De. These two kinds of changes and their descriptions of augury accord with Xiao You Nian. The conditions like the change of the first line corresponding to Fu De or something else cannot accord with the divination order of Da You Nian or Xiao You Nian never appeared. So, according to this regressive inference, You Hun should only be used in divination order in accordance with Xiao You Nian, which happens to have a description of augury named You Hun. Then it can be concluded that You Hun in S should correspond to that in Xiao You Nian, and it is also the result of the change of the first and the third lines. Last but not least, it can be deduced that the functions of the divinatio order according with later Da You Nian and Xiao You Nian were apparently not distinguished in the time of creating Dunhuang documents, and which order was created first is still problematic. 7 The change of third line and its corresponding to Sheng Qi also accord with Xiao You Nian. 9

10 REFERENCES Anonymous (Jin dynasty 10 th -11 th century) (2002). Re-Emendation of the New Geographical Book 重校正地理新书, Xu Xiu Si Ku Quan Shu 续修四库全书, vol. 15, vol. 1054, Shanghai Ancient Book Publishing House, p. 18. Chen Y 陈于柱 (2007). The Study of Dunhuang Manuscripts of Zhai and Zang. Ethical Publishing House, pp , p Mei,G 梅彀成 ( B.C), Yun Lu, He, D, and other thirty to forty editors (Qing dynasty). Qin Ding Xie Ji Bian Fang Shu 钦定协纪辩方书, Jing Yin Wen Yuan Ge Si Ku Quan Shu 景印文渊阁四库全书, vol. 811, pp , pp Ruan, Y 阮元 (16 th -17 th century)(1988). Wan Wei Bie Cang-Wu Xing Da Yi 宛委别藏 五行大义. Jiangsu Ancient Book Publishing House, Photocopy, pp Wang, A 王爱和 (2003). Studies of Dunhuang Divination Manuscripts 敦煌占卜文书研究. Ph.D. Thesis, Lan Zhou University, Lan Zhou, PRC, p. 85. Wang, K 王肯堂 (14 th -15 th century). Yu Gang Zhai Bi Chen 郁冈斋笔尘. It is according to a manuscript printed in Ming dynasty which is included in the Online Database of Chinese Basic Ancient Book. Xiao, J 萧吉 (author)(6 th -7 th century), Ruan, yuan 阮元 (editor)(16 th -17 th century)(1988). Wan Wei Bie Cang-Wu Xing Da Yi 宛委别藏 五行大义. Nanjing: Jiangsu Ancient Book Publishing House, Photocopy, pp Xiong qipan 熊起磻 (17 th -18 th century). Yang Zhai Zhi Mi 阳宅指迷. Corresponding Author: Dr Jing Wei University of Wisconsin Madison jingweichn@gmail.com 10